Respiratory tract disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Respiratory syncytial vims (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants. It is the major cause of hospitalization in the United States (- 90,000 events/yr) and it has a high mortaUty rate in neonates and other high risk populations, such as the geriatric population (51). Development of an RSV vaccine has always been a major priority, however, earlier attempts have mostiy failed (70). 

The nurse must not administer antihistaminesto patients with lower respiratory tract diseases If the nurse administers these drugs to patients with disorders such as asthma, the drying effect on the respiratory tract may cause thickening of the respiratory secretionsand make expectoration more difficult. 

Synagis Pavilizumab Medimmune Prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV virus in pediatric patients... 

Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis of psittacosis can be difficult. There is a variable clinical presentation but may include fever, headache, muscle pain (myalgia), chills and upper or lower respiratory tract disease, and dry cough. Pneumonia is often evident in chest x-rays. 

Kanamycin is unapproved in the USA for use in food animals but in many other countries it is used for the treatment of cattle with respiratory tract diseases, mastitis, and other infectious diseases. 

One of the first 8-adrenoreceptor agonists used both currently and in the past as a bron-cholytic is epinephrine or adrenaline, isoproterenol, and especially ephedrine. In treatment and prevention of obstructive respiratory tract diseases, other j3-adrenoreceptor agonists also are used, such as isoetharine, terbutaUne, albuterol, metaproterenol, and also those described in this section—fenoterol (23.3.16), pirbuterol (23.3.22), and procaterol (23.3.25). 

Bloem, M. W., Wedel, M., and Egger, R. J. (1990). Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in north-eastern Thailand. Am. ]. Epidemiol. 131,332-339. 

Indications Prophylaxis of serious lower respiratory tract disease, caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in pediatric patients at high risk of RSV disease... 

B. Indications and use Synagis is indicated for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV in infants and children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or a history of premature birth (< 35 weeks gestation) who are under 24 months of age at the time of first administration. 

Cefquinome, a third-generation cephalosporin, has been developed solely for veterinary use. It is used for the treatment of respiratory tract diseases in cattle... 

Isocyanate-induced asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis in humans have been reviewed (Baur, 1995 Bernstein, 1996). A case of fatal asthma of a 4,4 -mcthylcncdiphcnyl diisocyanate-scnsitized subject has been described (Carino et al., 1997). Exposure to 4,4 -methylenediphcnyl diisocyanate is a frequent cause of occupational asthma (Liss et al., 1988 Vogelmcicr et al., 1991 Bernstein et al., 1993) but may also induce hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Malo Zeiss, 1982 Vandenplas et al., 1993) and inflammatory upper respiratory tract diseases (Liss et al., 1988 Littorin et al., 1994). Most patients with 4,4 -methylenediphcnyl diisocyanate-induced asthma have elevated levels of IgG-class antibodies towards 4,4 -methylenediphenyl diisocyanate-albumin conjugates in the plasma, while IgE-class antibodies are rare (Liss et al., 1988). 

Synagis /Palivizumab Immunoglobulin G1 Prevention of respiratory tract diseases... 

Palivizumab (anti-RSV) Synagis Reacts with antigen on RSV No cross-reactivity to human or animal antigens Prophylaxis of serious lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV Tissue cross-reactivity human, cynomolgus Toxicity single dose—cynomolgus and rabbit repeat dose—rat Virus challenge model cotton rat... 

Paramyxoviruses cause respiratory tract diseases such as croup and pneumonia, as well as measles and mumps. The envelope proteins of these viruses share some features in common with influenza and retroviruses. These similarities include a precursor protein that is cleaved into two fragments, the second of which, called El, bears a fusion peptide at its amino terminus. In addition, peptides from the paramyxovirus FI proteins assemble into stable helical bundles resembling HIV gp41 and influenza HA2 (Baker et al, 1999 Lawless-Delmedico et al, 2000 Zhao et al, 2000). The paramyxovirus F protein differs from influenza HA and retroviral TM... 

Palivizumab Synagis (Medimmune) Humanized anti-RSV epitope Antiviral (Pediatric lower respiratory tract disease)... 

Second, inhaleables enable effective drug targeting to the lungs for relatively common respiratory tract diseases such as asthma, emphysema, bronchiectasis and chronic bronchitis. This direct delivery most often results in a better treatment outcome while potentially requiring less drug than if given systemically either orally or by injection. 

Acute pharyngitis is inflammation of the throat that results in coughing, an elevated temperature, and pain when swallowing. Acute pharyngitis can lead to other upper respiratory tract diseases, such as acute rhinitis or acute sinusitis. 

Occupational asthma is a disease characterised by variable airflow limitation and/or airway hyperresponsiveness due to causes and conditions attributable to a particular occupational environment and not to stimuli encountered outside the workplace. Occupations where dusts, gases or vapours are inhaled have the potential to cause upper and lower respiratory tract disease, or to exacerbate existing respiratory disease. There are several ways in which occupational exposures can provoke or cause asthma. 

Meert KL, Sarnaik AP, Gelmini MJ, et al. Aerosolized ribavirin in mechanically ventilated children with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract disease A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 1994 22 566-572. 

Synagis (Palivizumab humanized mAb directed against an epitope on the surface of respiratory syncytial virus) Medimmune (US) and Abbott (EU) prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric patients 1998 (US), 1999 (EU)... 

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