Respiratory system injury

Toxicology Eye irritant nonirritating to skin inh. of vapors may cause respiratory tract irritation, headaches, nausea, vomiting, CNS depression chronic absorp. may cause liver/kidney/respiratory system injury Precaution Flamm. flamm. limits 1.0-10.8% vol. in air avoid heaf flame, sources of ignition incompat. with strong oxidizers 1-methoxy-2-propanol acetate may form explosive peroxides on exposure to air Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Combustion prods. CO, COj, SO, PO ... 

Headache, tachypnea, dizziness, confusion, and chest pain. The casualty may also experience palpitations, dyspnea on exertion, drowsiness, lethargy, hallucination, agitation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and coma. If metal carbonyls have been released, there may be complaints of irritation of the eyes, mucous membrane, and respiratory system. Inflammation of lung tissue (pneumonitis) caused by metal carbonyls can may be delayed 12-36 hours. They may also cause injury to the liver, kidneys, and lungs as well as degenerative changes in the central nervous system. 

Symptoms of exposure Severe skin irritant producing sensitization and blistering of the skin. Liquid splashed in eyes may cause injury (Patnaik, 1992). Inhalation may cause irritation of nose and respiratory system (NIOSH, 1997). 

In experimental animals the respiratory system is a primary target of acrolein exposure after inhalation, and there is an inverse relationship between the exposure concentration and the time it takes for death to occur." Inhalation LCso values of 327ppm for 10 minutes and 130ppm for 30 minutes have been reported in rats." Of 57 male rats, 32 died after exposure to 4 ppm for 6 hours/day for up to 62 days. Desquamation of the respiratory epithelium followed by airway occlusion and asphyxiation is the primary mechanism for acrolein-induced mortality in animals." Sublethal acrolein exposure in mice at 3 and 6 ppm suppressed pulmonary antibacterial defense mechanisms. A combination of epithelial cell injury and inhibition of macrophage function may be responsible for acrolein-induced suppression of pulmonary host defense. ... 

Respiratory Effects. Data on the effects of carbon tetrachloride on the respiratory system are limited to observations of hemorrhagic congestion and edema in the lungs of humans after acute, high-level inhalation and oral exposures (Umiker and Pearch 1953). These effects appear to be secondary to severe renal injury rather than to a direct action on the lung. Although such effects are secondary, their severity warrants some concern as a potential risk associated with exposure to relatively high doses of carbon tetrachloride. 

In the early processes developed in England, France, Germany, and Austria, the bleaching agent was chlorine gas or chlorine water. To prevent its injurious effects on the respiratory system, workmen used to... 

Little Is known about possible long-term effects of CS Inhalation. This is due In part to the fact that short-term experiments with experimental animals, carried out for from several days to a month and using much higher (In some cases, nearly lethal) concentrations of CS, showed that ocular, respiratory, and cutaneous alte-. rations were mild and readily reversible, whereas necropsy findings failed to reveal any evidence of systemic alterations. Retrospective studies performed by the Hlmsworth committee at the request of the British Parliament after the extensive use of CS in Northern Ireland showed that no adverse effects of CS use were observed, with respect to eye burns, residual respiratory tract injury, Increased death rate in the elderly, exacerbations of mental Illness, increased Incidence of strokes or heart attacks, or incidence of tuberculosis. At exposure concentrations reported by the Hlmsworth committee (about 90 mg-min/m ), no persistent or notably adverse health effects were observed. 

Toxins (gases, vapors, or aerosols) may injure respiratory tissue, or they may cause systemic toxicity by penetrating the tissue and entering the circulation. Injuries to the respiratory system vary in severity (depending on the agent and the degree of intoxication) from irritation to edema, fibrosis, or neoplasia. The site of toxicity depends on the water solubihty of a gas or on the size of aerosol particles or droplets. 

CAUTTON Hydrofluoric acid fumes are severely irritating and extremely destructive to the respiratory system and can cause severe eye injuries. All operations should be performed in a well-ventilated fume hood using appropriate safety precautions and procedures. 

Sax (Ref 10) compares Ca silicide to calcium hydroxide as a skin, eye and respiratory system irritant, and to the silanes as a great fire and explosion hazard. Ingestion of Ca silicide may cause death or permanent injury after very short exposure to small quantities... 

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