Respiratory system continued lungs

A follow-up study of 29 workers with TMAN-induced immunologic lung disease who had been moved to low-exposure jobs for more than 1 year revealed that workers with late asthma or late respiratory systemic syndrome had improved symptoms, improved pulmonary functions, and lower total antibody against TMAN-HSA. In contrast, 7 of 12 workers with asthma rhinitis continued to have moderate to severe symptoms, abnormal pulmonary functions, and elevated IgE against TMAN-HSA. Elevated IgE against TMAN-HSA appears to be a marker for the subpopulation of workers with asthma rhinitis that does not improve. 

Congested lungs were observed in rats exposed to 1 mg/m3 metallic mercury vapors for 100 hours continuously per week for 6 weeks (Gage 1961). In rats exposed to 3 mg/m3 mercury vapor for only 3 hours a day, 5 days a week for 12-42 weeks, pathological examination revealed no significant changes in the respiratory system (Kishi et al. 1978). The potential for oral exposure was not quantified in these studies however, it is likely that most of the exposure was via inhalation. 

The human respiratory system is composed of two lungs contained within the thorax, or chest cavity. The primary function of the lungs is gas exchange with the blood, providing a continuous... 

Ventilators are either negative-pressure or positive-pressure. Negative-pressure ventilation involves directing air directly into the lungs, and positive-pressure ventilation involves directing air into the trachea. Some ventilators require intubation, the placement of a tube into the trachea from the nose or mouth. Ventilation requiring intubation is typically used for patients who will require ventilation for a protracted period. Other ventilators work with a breathing mask that can be placed over the mouth and nose. With the increase in respiratory-related sleep disorders (such as obstructive sleep apnea), use of two positive airway pressure systems—continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive pressure ventilators (BiPAP)—has become very common. 

Capillary endothelial cells comprise 30-42% of cells in the alveolar region and comprise the walls of the extensive network of blood capillaries in the lung parenchyma. The endothelium forms a continuous, attenuated cell layer that transports respiratory gases, water, and solutes. However, it also forms a barrier to the leakage of excess water and macromolecules into the pulmonary interstitial space. Pulmonary endothelial cells, like type I cells, are vulnerable to injury from inhaled substances and substances in the systemic circulation. Injury to the endothelium results in fluid and protein leakage into the pulmonary interstitium and alveolar spaces, resulting in pulmonary edema. 

Nickel also continues to be a matter of debate in regards to its toxicity. The same concept shown in Fig. 3 could be applied to nickel plating. The most well- known characteristics of nickel, from a harmful environmental standpoint, are allergy problems. However, Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Dermal (Skin), Immunological (Immune System), and Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs) issues could also be mentioned [9]. 

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