Respiratory system, and

Much of the concern about particulate matter in the atmosphere arises because particles of certain size ranges can be inhaled and retained by the human respiratory system. There is also concern because particulate matter in the atmosphere absorbs and scatters incoming solar radiation. For a detailed discussion of the human respiratory system and the defenses it provides against exposure of the lungs to particulate matter, see Chapter 7. 

Health effects attributed to sulfur oxides are likely due to exposure to sulfur dioxide, sulfate aerosols, and sulfur dioxide adsorbed onto particulate matter. Alone, sulfur dioxide will dissolve in the watery fluids of the upper respiratory system and be absorbed into the bloodstream. Sulfur dioxide reacts with other substances in the atmosphere to form sulfate aerosols. Since most sulfate aerosols are part of PMj 5, they may have an important role in the health impacts associated with fine particulates. However, sulfate aerosols can be transported long distances through the atmosphere before deposition actually occurs. Average sulfate aerosol concentrations are about 40% of average fine particulate levels in regions where fuels with high sulfur content are commonly used. Sulfur dioxide adsorbed on particles can be carried deep into the pulmonary system. Therefore, reducing concentrations of particulate matter may also reduce the health impacts of sulfur dioxide. Acid aerosols affect respiratory and sensory functions. 

The symbol CNC identifies a 30% solution of CN in chloroform. It was developed to deliver CN in liquid form. CNC causes a flow of tears, irritates the respiratory system, and causes stinging of skin. 

Tonics. Elder is considered a tonic for the respiratory system and digestive tract. It can help increase the strength of a person in a weakened state. Parts used flowers, berries. 

Table 4.2 shows the number of groups within which pharmaceutical presentations are classified at different levels of therapeutic differentiation. The classifications are made up of 15 and 14 main therapeutic chapters in England and Spain respectively. At this level, products are grouped according to their therapeutic effect in terms of the main anatomical systems gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system and so on. 

Urticants have a penetrating and disagreeable odor detectable at very low concentrations. Even minimal exposure causes immediate irritation and pain of the eyes, nose, mucous membranes, respiratory system, and skin. Urticants pose a significant percutaneous hazard and are absorbed through the skin within seconds. 

Reliable correlations were found between lead concentrations in the soil and the incidence rates in the population of Dnepropetrovsk. In the adults, the pollution levels were associated with complications in pregnancy and delivery, diseases of urogenital, nervous and bone-and-muscular system, blood problems and tumors. In the children, the blood, blood forming organs, respiratory system and the muscles and bones were most frequently affected. 

Thus the total soil pollution was connected with a respiratory system and a digestive tract. Both systems were also sensitive to such urban pollutants as heavy metals and PAH. For radionuclides the correlation with the given nosologies was not revealed. The asthma morbidity was mostly connected with soil pollution rates. This circumstance, apparently, can be related to nonspecific action of pollutants on a human organism, because the etiology of asthma is connected with the human immune defense system and allergy state (Roite, 1991). The last was shown for pesticides (Nikolaev et al., 1988) and heavy metals (Drouet et al., 1990). The sensitized immune system is, apparently, responsible for chronic toxic effects of other pollutants at low doses (Sidorenko et al., 1991 Novak and Magnussen, 1993). 

Nitrogen oxides combustion appliances cooking ETS. irritation of respiratory system and eyes decreased in pulmonary function in asthmatics decreased immune capacily, changes in anatomy and function of lung. 

PAN, CH3C002N02, is an important constituent of photochemical smog, acting as an irritant to the eyes and respiratory system and being highly toxic to plants. 

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the term used for a variety of physical devices used to protect the body from hazards. Industrial hazards include impact, excess noise, heat, cold, and noxious chemicals of many different kinds and actions. The type of PPE we are concerned with here, of course, is equipment that can provide protection against hazardous chemicals. Protection may be required specifically for the face and eyes, skin, and the respiratory system, and each may need a different kind of safeguard. However, as previously stated, except in emergencies and special circumstances, PPE should not be relied on as the primary or sole approach to protection. Primary attack at the source by administrative and engineering means must always be considered paramount. 

The three targets that are the first point of contact between environmental chemicals and the body will be discussed first the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory system, and the skin. Recall from Chapter 2 that chemicals enter the blood after absorption, so this fluid is the next target (see Figure 2.1). Then come the liver, the kidneys, and the nervous system. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some chemicals that can damage the reproductive system and some that can cause birth defects, the so-called teratogens, and other forms of developmental toxicity. Brief discussions of immune system, cardiovascular system, muscle, and endocrine system toxicities are also offered. 

Substances classified as irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin (Xi R36/37/38)... 

Although specific dose levels and durations are not available, it is assumed that exposure to the dust may be irritating to the nose and eyes. At elevated temperatures, fumes may cause irritation of the eyes, respiratory system, and skin. 

Gamble J, et al Epidemiological-environmental study of lead acid battery workers. HI. Chronic effects of sulfuric acid on the respiratory system and teeth. Environ Res 35 30-52, 1984... 

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