Respiratory disorders bronchitis

A broncho dilator is a drug used to relieve bron-chospasm associated with respiratory disorders, such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema These conditions are progressive disorders characterized by a decrease in die inspiratory and expiratory capacity of die lung. Collectively, tiiey are often referred to as COPD. The patient with COPD experiences dyspnea (difficulty breatiiing) with physical exertion, has difficulty inhaling and exhaling, and may exhibit a chronic cough. 

Respiratory Effects. One study suggested increased respiratory disorders (asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia) in children with chronic exposure to a solvent-contaminated water supply (Byers et al. 1988). Two municipal wells in eastern Woburn, Massachusetts, were found to contain several solvents including trichloroethylene (267 ppb) and tetrachloroethylene (21 ppb). The increased susceptibility to infection may be secondary to effects on the immune system. Accurate chemical-specific exposure levels for individuals could not be determined because the water distribution system was designed to use water from different wells at different rates and times. Other limitations of this study are described in Section 2.2.2.8. 

There is no conclusive evidence that moderate, long-term use of cannabis causes lasting damage to physical or mental health. However, it is probable that frequent inhalation of cannabis smoke over a period of years will contribute towards bronchitis and other respiratory disorders and possible cancers of the lung and parts of the digestive system. Risks are greater if cannabis is smoked with tobacco. 

The people who are most at risk for health problems from particulate exposure are those who already have some form of respiratory disorder or heart disease, the elderly, and children. Such problems begin to appear when the ambient concentration of pollutants reaches about 40 pg/m for PM25 particulates and about 150 pg/m for PM particulates. Such concentrations are observed during dust storms, along dusty unpaved roads, and in areas with high levels of motor vehicle traffic, for instance. Increasing concentrations of both PM2 5 and PMj particulates result in more serious health problems, including asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and cardiac problems. 

Allosedamine 157 is a relatively simple piperidine alkaloid which was isolated more than 60 years ago by Wieland and co-workers from Lobelia inflate. It has good activity against respiratory disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The key step of the current synthesis (Scheme 29) is an RCM of enone ester 155 which closes the... 

Polygala vulgaris Thunb. Triterpenoid saponins, volatile oil, gaultherin, mucilage.99 Treat respiratory disorders such as chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, convulsive coughs. A diuretic. 

Comfrey has been used to treat respiratory problems (bronchitis, catarrh hemoptysis, pleurisy, whooping cough), gastrointestinal diseases (cholecystitis, colitis, dysentery, diarrhea, ulcers, hematemesis), metorrhagia, phlebitis, and tonsillitis. It is currently promoted for preventing kidney stones and for treating rheumatic and pulmonary disorders, and injuries such as bums and bruises. 

Euphorbia is used to soothe respiratory disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, and laryngeal spasm. It is also used for treating intestinal amebiasis. 

Sulfur mustards (designated H [mustard], HD [distilled mustard], and HT [HD and T mixture]) do not present acute lethal hazards. Their principal effect is severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Epidemiological evidence indicates a causal relationship between exposure to mustard agent at high concentrations and the development of chronic nonreversible respiratory disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, and ocular diseases, such as delayed recurrent keratitis and prolonged, intractable conjunctivitis (IOM, 1993). Sulfur mustard has been classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of in-... 

Lower respiratory disorders are conditions that obstruct or restrict tracheobronchial tubes, preventing exchange of gases. These conditions are called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and include bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, asthma, and chronic asthma. 

Horehound has been used as an herbal remedy for the treatment of respiratory disorders, including asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, and tuberculosis, but not atherosclerosis. 

Of the British soldiers exposed to mustard in World War I, 12% were awarded disability compensation for respiratory disorders that were believed to be due to mustard exposures during combat.106 Bronchitis was the major complaint emphysema and asthma were also reported. However, epidemiological studies of the relationship between agent... 

Welding is the joining of metal to metal by use of heat and/or pressure. The main fume generated by consumable electrodes is iron oxide. Cadmium, chromium, beryllium, aluminum, titanium, and nickel may also be present. Exposure to welding fumes is known to be a risk factor for chronic respiratory disorders - such as pneumoconiosis, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer (Sferlazza and Beckett 1991). 

The large number of casualties from chlorine and phosgene exposure during World War I showed that survivors showed long-term respiratory disorders with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, the most common conditions, followed by pulmonary fibrosis. The Bhopal incident in India (see Chap. 10) has also shown evidence of long-term respiratory disorders following exposure to the toxic industrial pulmonary oedemagen methyl isocyanate. 

Allosedamine (113) and (+)-sedamine (119), two piperidine alkaloids isolated from Lobelia inflate, have been used for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia. While several racemic syntheses have been reported, there are much less asymmetric ones. An enantioselective route to (—)-aUosedamine (113) was developed by Raghaven et al, which commenced with addition of lithium compound 110 to the imine 109 providing the separable aUyUc amine 111 as a 3 1 mixture of diastereoisomers (Scheme 2.27) [45, 46). Six... 

Other disorders of the lower respiratory tract include emphysema (lung disorder in which the terminal bronchioles or alveoli become enlarged and plugged with mucus) and chronic bronchitis (chronic inflammation and possibly infection of die bronchi). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is die name given collectively to emphysema and chronic bronchitis because die obstruction to die airflow is present most of the time. Asdima diat is persistent and present for most of die time may also be referred to as COPD. 

As would be expected, khat overuse produces symptoms similar to those of other monoamine stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamine, including signs of sympathetic overarousal. In the extreme this can involve a toxic psychosis. Disorders more frequently associated with chronic khat use in males are headaches, anorexia, insomnia, constipation, and respiratory illnesses (Kennedy et al. 1983). Females report higher incidences of acute gastritis, jaundice, bronchitis and hepatic diseases. Also, cathinone has toxic reproductive effects in humans and experimental animals (Islam et al. 1990). It decreases sperm count and motility, and increases the number of abnormal sperm cells. It also decreases plasma testosterone in rats. 

It is indicated in symptomatic relief from stuffed nose, respiratory tract congestion, bronchospasm associated with asthma, bronchitis and other similar disorders. 

N.A. Triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, volatile oil. Internally for bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, insomnia, anxiety, rheumatic disorders. 

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