Resolvins

Serhan, C. N.,Hong, S., Gronert, K., Colgan, S. P., Devchand, P. R. and Mirick, G. Resolvins a family of bioactive products of omega-3 fatty acid transformation circuits initiated by aspirin treatment that counter proinflammation signals. /. Exp. Med. 196 1025-1037, 2002. 

Fatty messenger molecules include diacylglycerol, ceramide, platelet activating factor, the eicosanoids and resolvins. A summary of the reactions that produce some of these messengers is given in Appendix 11.7. 

The autacoids comprise histamine, serotonin, angiotensin, neurotensin, NO (nitric oxide), kinins, platelet-activating factor, endothelins and the four families of traditional eicosanoids - the leukotrienes and three types of prostanoids i.e. prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes. Several other natural occurring molecules are sometimes called eicos-anoid, including the hepoxilins, resolvins, isofurans, isoprostanes, lipoxins, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and some endocannabinoids. However, not... 

Other reported mechanisms mediating PUFA effects in metabolic disorders include binding to GPCR-120 and generation of newly discovered resolvins and protectins (Ariel and Serhan, 2007 Schwab et al., 2007). Stimulation of GPR120 with n-3 FAs causes broad anti-inflammatory... 

Ariel, A. and Serhan, C. N. (2007). Resolvins and protectins in the termination program of acute inflammation. Trends Immunol. 28,176-183. 

Hellmann, J., Tang, Y., Kosuri, M., Bhatnagar, A., and Spitem, M. (2011). Resolvin D1 decreases adipose tissue macrophage accumulation and improves insulin sensitivity in obese-diabetic mice. FASEB J. 25, 2399-2407. 

Fig. 7.2 Chemical structures of lipoxins, resolvins and neuroprotectins. Lipoxin A4 (a), Lipoxin B4 (b) 16,17S-docosatriene (c) 10,17S-docosatriene (d) 7,16,17S-resolvin (e) and 4S5,17S-resolvin (f). These metabolites retard the actions of arachidonic acid and its metabolites...

Resolvin D series and Protectin D1 mitigate acute kidney injury. J. Immunol. 177 5902-5911. 

Serhan C. N. (2006). Novel chemical mediators in the resolution of inflammation Resolvins and protectins. Anesthesiol. Clinics North Am. 24 341-364. 

Hong, S., Gronert, K., Devchand, P.R., Moussignac, R.L.. and Serhan, C.N., Novel docosatrienes and 17S-resolvins generated from docosahexaenoic acid in murine brain, human blood, and glial cells. Autacoids in anti-inflammation, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 14677, 2003. 

Recent studies showed that AA, EPA, and DHA could give rise to anti-inflammatory compounds such as hpoxins (LXs) and resolvins that are essential to limit and resolve inflammation (3, 4). These studies imply that a deficiency of LXs and resolvins could lead to the perpetuation of inflammation and tissue damage. In the fight of these facts, it will be interesting to study whether a subclinical deficiency of PUFAs, decreased formation of LXs and resolvins, occurs in subjects who develop the various types of infections and their complications. Because, PUFAs can inactivate enveloped viruses including influenza, it is probably worthwhile to study the effect of various fatty acids on the bird flu virus, specifically, whether increased intake of these fatty acids could reduce the risk of flu. 

In the presence of aspirin, AA, EPA, and DHA are converted to form epi-lipoxins, lipoxins, and resolvins that, in turn, enhance the formation of eNO (3, 4, 96). Lipoxins possess potent anti-inflammatory actions (reviewed in References 3 and 4). In addition, NO not only blocks the interaction between leukocytes and the vascular endothelium during inflammation but also stimulates the formation of PGI2, a potent vasodilator and platelet anti-aggregator, from AA (97, 98). 

AA, EPA, DHA, GLA, DGLA, LXs and resolvins suppress lL-1, lL-2, lL-6, and TNF-a prodnction by T cells (110-112, 149, 176-180). This claim suggests that EFAs/PUFAs and their metabolites function as endogenous anti-inflammatory molecules and regulate immune response and thus are likely to be of benefit in obesity, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome X, type 2 diabetes mellitus, CHD, depression, and Alzheimer s disease that are considered as diseases of low-grade systemic inflammation (1-8, 24, 120). Some beneficial actions of PUFAs in various inflammatory conditions are because of the formation of anti-inflammatory compounds such as lipoxins, resolvins, and neuroprotectin Dl. 

Arita M, Yoshida M, Hong S, Tjonahen E, GUckman JN, Peta-sis NA, Blumberg RS, Serhan CN. Resolvin El, an endogenous Upid mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, protects against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 2005 102 7671-676. 

---