Residue separation system

Figure 5 illustrates a typical distillation train in a styrene plant. Benzene and toluene by-products are recovered in the overhead of the benzene—toluene column. The bottoms from the benzene—toluene column are distilled in the ethylbenzene recycle column, where the separation of ethylbenzene and styrene is effected. The ethylbenzene, containing up to 3% styrene, is taken overhead and recycled to the dehydrogenation section. The bottoms, which contain styrene, by-products heavier than styrene, polymers, inhibitor, and up to 1000 ppm ethylbenzene, are pumped to the styrene finishing column. The overhead product from this column is purified styrene. The bottoms are further processed in a residue-finishing system to recover additional styrene from the residue, which consists of heavy by-products, polymers, and inhibitor. The residue is used as fuel. The residue-finishing system can be a flash evaporator or a small distillation column. This distillation sequence is used in the Fina-Badger process and the Dow process. 

Chemical and physical properties of the contaminant should also be investigated. Solubility in water (or other washing fluids) is one of the most important physical characteristics. Hydrophobic contaminants can be difficult to separate from the soil particles and into the aqueous washing fluid. Reactivity with wash fluids may, in some cases, be another important characteristic to consider. Other contaminant characteristics such as volatility and density may be important for the design of remedy screening studies and related residuals treatment systems. Speciation is important in metal-contaminated sites. 

A second important property of mass spectrometric separation systems is the abundance sensitivity. Even under sufficient vacuum conditions there is a scattering of ions in the beam by the residual gas. Furthermore, by scattering of particles by the wall of the analyzer tube or by electrostatic repulsion in the ion beam itself or charging effects, so-called peak tails in mass spectra are observed, which result in an increasing energy spread of ions and consequently in a deterioration in the abundance sensitivity. The abundance sensitivity of a mass spectrometer is defined as ... 

Benzene and toluene by-products are recovered in the overhead of the benzene-toluene distillation column. The bottoms from the benzene-toluene column are distilled in the ethylbenzene recycle column, where the separation of ethylbenzene and styrene is effected. The bottoms, are pumped to file styrene finishing column. The overhead product from this column is purified styrene. The bottoms are further processed in a residue-finishing system to recover additional styrene from the residue. 

Another factor that affects membrane system design is the degree of separation required. The usual target of a gas separation system is to produce a residue stream essentially stripped of the permeable component and a small, highly concentrated permeate stream. These two requirements cannot be met simultaneously a tradeoff must be made between removal from the feed gas and enrichment in the permeate. The system attribute that characterizes this trade-off is called the stage-cut. The effect of stage-cut on system performance is illustrated in Figure 8.15. 

Apart from the investigation of residual couplings described previously, WISE has also been applied for the investigation of phase-separated systems, for instance co-polymers, consisting of a rubbery phase and a more rigid phase [75-77]. While the different phases can be discriminated in the 13C dimension by their chemical composition, the dynamics of each of them can be studied by the corresponding 1H slice. 

Chapter 3 deals with the Synthesis of the Separation System. A task-oriented approach is proposed for generating close-to-ophmum separation sequences for which both feasibility and performance of splits are guaranteed. Emphasis is placed on the synthesis of distillation systems by residue curve map methods. 

There are numerous other features of the separations system synthesis method based on the RCM representation that space permits only brief mention. Residue... 

Influent concentrations and residual concentrations of cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic polyelectrolyte, anionic polyelectrolyte, proteins, colloids, oxygen, ozone, detergents, suspended sohds, and so on, in the adsorptive bubble separation systems can be determined by the analytical methods reported in the literature (82,127-149). 

Figure 22 is a revision process of the Pm peak. The C4 curve of Fig. 22(a) is obtained by removal of Ph peak from Q curve. The i-T characteristic of the C4 curve become Fig.22(b). The Pmo peak of Fig.22(c) is the result that Pm peak was revised using an t value of Fig.22(b) and the maximum of the TSC spectrum. The Pmo peak is the TSC signal which decided. Furthermore, Fig.23 shows the revision process of the Ph peak. The C5 curve of Fig. 23(a) is obtained by removal of Pmo peak from actual survey TSC spectrum Ci. The Et-T characteristic of the Cs curve become Fig.23(b). The Pho peak of Fig.23(c) becomes the correction curve of the Ph peak. Pho peak accord with actual survey TSC spectrum C2 well in comparison with Ph peak of Fig.21(c).The AEM separation system repeats such a calculation process in all temperature region of the measured TSC spectrum. Figure 24 is TSC signal and the residual current C, that were finally decided. 

The case study applies to the refrigeration section of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas Treatment and Storage plant, consisting in six parallel trains of LPG separation and transformation. Inside the complex, the stored LPG is firstly sent to the Dehydration System, where the residual contained water is condensed and removed, and then to the Separation System, where Propane, Butane, and Pentane are separated and sent to the storage units. A part of the separated products is stored at ambient temperature and pressure, while a fraction of commercial propane and butane is refrigerated to be stored at low temperature ready to be loaded on ships. 

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