Reserve Distribution

Introduction. The existence or absence of separate compartments within the Ekofisk and Tor reservoirs is a critical issue in determining reserves distribution and optimal production methods. Initially, a fault compartmentalized reservoir model was used to account for the southwesterly deepening oil-water contacts recorded in appraisal wells in the Joanne Field. Within the Ekofisk reservoir, the observed oil-water contact deepens by 280 ft from 9920 ft (tvdss) in 30/7a-l to 10200 ft in 30/7a-3 in the Tor, the oil-water contact deepens by almost 400ft from 10276ft in 30/7a-l to 10675 ft in 30/7a-3. Following completion of development well drilling, the current model incorporates single tilted oil-water contacts in both the Ekofisk and Tor. 

Almost as important as reserve size is reserve distribution. While current reserve estimates and production levels indicate global supplies of oil, natural gas, and coal, of 40,60, and 200 years, respectively, these supplies are not universally distributed across the world. 

Figure 2.17. World crude oil reserve distribution. Source BP 2004.

Figure 2.21. World coal reserve distribution. Source ElA 2004d.

So according to national situation of coal reserve distribution and consumption, it is necessary to construct the five national comprehensive energy bases, such as Shanxi, Erdos Basin, East region of Inner Mongolia, Southwest region and Xinjiang so as to improve the transportation capacity of railway, to decrease the cost of coal transportation. 

The regional allocation of responsibilities among the facilities in the CWS depot system served to meet ASF requirements for decentralized supply. The designation of depots by function—filler, reserve, distribution, or key—was also accomplished in accordance with ASF standards, though... 

For the complex situation assessment, it is necessary to know how thmst reserve distributes on all possible MWTO headings. For this purpose, it is convenient to use polar diagrams that characterize spatial distributions of thmst reserve. 

In contrast to an oil production profile, which typically has a plateau period of 2-5 years, a gas field production profile will typically have a much longer plateau period, producing around 2/3 of the reserves on plateau production in order to satisfy the needs of the distribution company to forecast their supplies. The Figure 8.9 compares typical oil and gas field production profiles. 

Despite th ese reservation s. Mu Ilikeri population -derived atomic charges arc easy to compute. Empirical investigation shows that they have various uses, they provide approximate representation of the 3D charge distribution within a molecule. 

A small fire (for example, hquid in a beaker or flask, or an oil bath) may usually be extinguished by covering the opening of the vessel with a clean damp cloth or duster the fire usually dies out from lack of air. For larger fires, dry sand may be employed. Buckets of dry sand should be distributed round the laboratory and should be strictly reserved for this purpose. Most fires on the laboratory bench can be smothered by... 

If 10% of the U.S. gasoline consumption were replaced by methanol for a twenty year period, the required reserves of natural gas to support that methanol consumption would amount to about one trillion m (36 TCF) or twice the 1990 annual consumption. Thus the United States could easily support a substantial methanol program from domestic reserves. However, the value of domestic natural gas is quite high. Almost all of the gas has access through the extensive pipeline distribution system to industrial, commercial, and domestic markets and the value of gas in these markets makes methanol produced from domestic natural gas uncompetitive with gasoline and diesel fuel, unless oil prices are very high. 

It is therefore more relevant to examine wodd resources of natural gas in judging the supply potential for methanol. Wodd proved reserves amount to approximately 1.1 x 10 (40,000 TCF) (11). As seen in Figure 1, these reserves are distributed more widely than oil reserves. 

As shown in Table 8, U.S. distribution of oil and natural gas reserves is centered in Alaska, Cahfomia, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and the U.S. outer-continental shelf. Alaska reserves include both the Pmdhoe Bay deposits and the Cook Inlet fields. Cahfomia deposits include those in Santa Barbara, the Wilmington Eield, the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 at Bakersfield, and other offshore oil deposits. The Yates Pield, Austin Chalk formation, and Permian Basin are among the producing sources of petroleum and natural gas in Texas. 

Coal, tar, and heavy oil fuel reserves are widely distributed throughout the world. In the Western hemisphere, Canada has large tar sand, bitumen (very heavy cmde oil), and coal deposits. The United States has very large reserves of coal and shale. Coal comprises ca 85% of the U.S. recoverable fossil energy reserves (6). Venezuela has an enormous bitumen deposit and Brazil has significant oil shale (qv) reserves. Coal is also found in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Pern. Worldwide, the total resource base of these reserves is immense and may constitute >90% of the hydrocarbon resources in place (see... 

Heavy cmde oil is widely distributed, and it is difficult to estimate reserves separate from normal cmde oil reserves or from tar sands deposits. Estimates of petroleum reserves frequendy include a large heavy oil component, which can only be produced at significantly higher cost than light oil. 

Pyrite is the most abundant of the metal sulfides. Eor many years, until the Erasch process was developed, pyrite was the main source of sulfur and, for much of the first half of the twentieth century, comprised over 50% of world sulfur production. Pyrite reserves are distributed throughout the world and known deposits have been mined in about 30 countries. Possibly the largest pyrite reserves in the world are located in southern Spain, Portugal, and the CIS. Large deposits are also in Canada, Cypms, Einland, Italy, Japan, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia. However, the three main regional producers of pyrites continue to be Western Europe Eastern Europe, including the CIS and China. 

Known world coal reserves in 1990 were estimated to be about 1000—1600 biUion metric tons (4). The geographic distribution of these reserves is widespread, but about two-thirds of this coal resides in the United States, People s RepubHc of China, and the Commonwealth of Independent States. 

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