Plateau period

Keywords compressibility, primary-, secondary- and enhanced oil-recovery, drive mechanisms (solution gas-, gas cap-, water-drive), secondary gas cap, first production date, build-up period, plateau period, production decline, water cut, Darcy s law, recovery factor, sweep efficiency, by-passing of oil, residual oil, relative permeability, production forecasts, offtake rate, coning, cusping, horizontal wells, reservoir simulation, material balance, rate dependent processes, pre-drilling. 

In the solution gas drive case, once production starts the reservoir pressure drops very quickly, especially above the bubble point, since the compressibility of the system is low. Consequently, the producing wells rapidly lose the potential to flow to surface, and not only is the plateau period short, but the decline is rapid. 

The aquifer response (or impact of the water injection wells) may maintain the reservoir pressure close to the initial pressure, providing a long plateau period and slow decline of oil production. The producing GOR may remain approximately at the solution GOR if the reservoir pressure is maintained above the bubble point. The outstanding feature of the production profile is the large increase in water cut over the life of the field, which is usually the main reason for abandonment. Water cut may exceed 90% in the final part of the field life. As water cut increases, so oil production typically declines a constant gross liquids (oil plus water) production may be maintained. 

In contrast to an oil production profile, which typically has a plateau period of 2-5 years, a gas field production profile will typically have a much longer plateau period, producing around 2/3 of the reserves on plateau production in order to satisfy the needs of the distribution company to forecast their supplies. The Figure 8.9 compares typical oil and gas field production profiles. 

Once the target dosing has been reached, the dosage should be maintained at that level for a reasonable length of time, provided that side effects are tolerable. The temptation to increase the dosage of a medication too quickly or if the child shows an initial response followed by a plateau period should be carefully considered. 

As it executes, Gibbs will write some temporary progress information to the user s console. Running a file such as the one in the example (seven sequences, each less than 500 bp) should take from 1 to 2 s to slightly less than 1 min on most computers. The amount of time required to process a set of sequences will depend on the length of the individual sequences, the number of sequences, the number of seeds, and the plateau period. 

The natural response to lowered levels of plasma thyroid hormones is for TSH production to increase with rapid growth of the thyroid gland and increased thyroglobu-lin synthesis. In the rat, the thyroid gland becomes desensitized to the effects of more TSH, and the weight of the thyroids stops increasing to the same extent. During this plateau period, some thyroid cells mutate and this leads to the development of thyroid... 

The criticality accident, as characterized by the model empirically derived from the e3q>erimental data provided by the CRAC experiments, is considered to be divided into (a) an initial fission burst followed by (b) a plateau period where the number of fission/sec, ignoring oscillations, decreases with increasing time in the plateau. 

A quasi-stationary period during which the sublimation rate is quite constant. This corresponds to a quasi-steady state with an approximately constant sublimation front temperature. The duration of this plateau period seems to decrease as the sublimation temperature increases. The experimental data presented in Fig. 3.21 show that the sublimation rate increases by about a factor of two for an increase of 20 °C in the shelf temperature (from 25 to —5 °C). 

The results show typical impact behavior for a brittle material. There are long periods of damage accumulation ( plateau periods ) where small cracks grow subsurface and the surface position changes relatively little with time. These are separated by more rapid events where material is removed as the cracks propagate and coalesce leading to these failures. 

There is a very short plateau period followed by 1 or more small cracking events (the surface bulges before the cracks coalesce, and the process repeats). The first inflexion between the flat plateau and faster wear/cracking occurs after 30 50 s, (at greater times for higher doses). The depth at this transition is (180 nm 20) for all... 

The period during which full activity is maintained (the plateau period ), is very sensitive to temperature, increasing some 4-5 fold between 30 C and 20 C, while the subsequent decline is much less so. Fig. 2 relates to trypsin treated chloroplasts - DTT treated chloroplasts yield almost indistinguishable curves. The plateau period seems to represent activity maintained by an energised membrane, since it is abolished by low concentrations of uncoupler (Fig. 3),... 

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