Research properties

The most widely researched properties of benzodiazepines are their ability to reduce anxiety and convulsions through the above mechanisms. Clinically, the avail-... 

Kingma, K. J. Pacalo, R. E. G. McMillan, P. F. In High Pressure-Temperature Research Properties of Earth and Planetary Materials Manghnani, M. H. Yagi, T., Eds. Terra Scientific Tokyo, AGU Washington, DC, 1997. 

Chambers, J. T., University of California Institute of Engineering Research, Properties... 

With respect to the petroleum industry, research into supercritical fluids and SFE can be roughly divided into product-oriented research, property investigations, and... 

Research properties of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. How are these gases similar to helium Are they used in a manner similar to helium ... 

The poineering research and subsequent development of useful dynamic membranes was accomplished by Johnson and co-workers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This very extensive research has been reported in a series of reports and in numerous publications and patents. Papers of special interest are the detailed report of the initial process for forming dynamic membranes with attractive hyperfiltration properties by Marcinkowsky, et al. (1 ), an early review of the research properties by Johnson ( ), and a subsequent review of hyperfiltration models and the development of hyperflltra-tion membranes by Dresner and Johnson ( ). These reviews cite the major references related to the formation, theory, properties, and applications of dynamic membranes. 

American Petroleum Institute Research Project 42, "Properties of Hydrocarbons of High Molecular Weight," API, Division of Science and Technology, New York, 1966. 

Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds, American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44, Texas A M Research Foundation, College Station,... 

Anon. (1983), Handbook of aviation fuel properties. Coordinating Research Council, report No. 530, Atlanta, GA. Distributed by SAE, Inc., Warrendale, PA,... 

The radiation and temperature dependent mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials (modulus and loss) are of great interest throughout the plastics, polymer, and rubber from initial design to routine production. There are a number of laboratory research instruments are available to determine these properties. All these hardness tests conducted on polymeric materials involve the penetration of the sample under consideration by loaded spheres or other geometric shapes [1]. Most of these tests are to some extent arbitrary because the penetration of an indenter into viscoelastic material increases with time. For example, standard durometer test (the "Shore A") is widely used to measure the static "hardness" or resistance to indentation. However, it does not measure basic material properties, and its results depend on the specimen geometry (it is difficult to make available the identity of the initial position of the devices on cylinder or spherical surfaces while measuring) and test conditions, and some arbitrary time must be selected to compare different materials. 

Computational solid-state physics and chemistry are vibrant areas of research. The all-electron methods for high-accuracy electronic stnicture calculations mentioned in section B3.2.3.2 are in active development, and with PAW, an efficient new all-electron method has recently been introduced. Ever more powerfiil computers enable more detailed predictions on systems of increasing size. At the same time, new, more complex materials require methods that are able to describe their large unit cells and diverse atomic make-up. Here, the new orbital-free DFT method may lead the way. More powerful teclmiques are also necessary for the accurate treatment of surfaces and their interaction with atoms and, possibly complex, molecules. Combined with recent progress in embedding theory, these developments make possible increasingly sophisticated predictions of the quantum structural properties of solids and solid surfaces. 

Clusters are intennediates bridging the properties of the atoms and the bulk. They can be viewed as novel molecules, but different from ordinary molecules, in that they can have various compositions and multiple shapes. Bare clusters are usually quite reactive and unstable against aggregation and have to be studied in vacuum or inert matrices. Interest in clusters comes from a wide range of fields. Clusters are used as models to investigate surface and bulk properties [2]. Since most catalysts are dispersed metal particles [3], isolated clusters provide ideal systems to understand catalytic mechanisms. The versatility of their shapes and compositions make clusters novel molecular systems to extend our concept of chemical bonding, stmcture and dynamics. Stable clusters or passivated clusters can be used as building blocks for new materials or new electronic devices [4] and this aspect has now led to a whole new direction of research into nanoparticles and quantum dots (see chapter C2.17). As the size of electronic devices approaches ever smaller dimensions [5], the new chemical and physical properties of clusters will be relevant to the future of the electronics industry. 

The striking size-dependent colours of many nanocrystal samples are one of tlieir most compelling features detailed studies of tlieir optical properties have been among tire most active research areas in nanocrystal science. Evidently, tire optical properties of bulk materials are substantially different from Arose of isolated atoms of tire... 

A challenging task in material science as well as in pharmaceutical research is to custom tailor a compound s properties. George S. Hammond stated that the most fundamental and lasting objective of synthesis is not production of new compounds, but production of properties (Norris Award Lecture, 1968). The molecular structure of an organic or inorganic compound determines its properties. Nevertheless, methods for the direct prediction of a compound s properties based on its molecular structure are usually not available (Figure 8-1). Therefore, the establishment of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) uses an indirect approach in order to tackle this problem. In the first step, numerical descriptors encoding information about the molecular structure are calculated for a set of compounds. Secondly, statistical and artificial neural network models are used to predict the property or activity of interest based on these descriptors or a suitable subset. 

The partition coefficient and aqueous solubility are properties important for the study of the adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME-Tox) of drugs. The prediction of the ADME-Tox properties of drug candidates has recently attracted much interest because these properties account for the failure of about 60 % of all drug candidates in the clinical phases. The prediction of these properties in an early phase of the drug development process could therefore lead to significant savings in research and development costs. 

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