Research design application phase

This section of the current chapter goes beyond a simple listing of current three-phase biofluidization applications to consider the differences in conventional three-phase fluidization and biofluidization from the aspect of reactor design and operation. Past research into three-phase biofluidization has been summarized in several excellent reviews (Andrews, 1988 Fan, 1989 Heijnen et al., 1989 Schiigerl, 1989 Siegel and Robinson, 1992), and this chapter will concentrate on the main research themes and advances of the last few years. Though gas continuous three-phase fluidized bioreactors exist (Fan, 1989), we consider here only those bioreactors in which the liquid phase is the continuous phase. 

Three tasks were pursued in the research and development phase of the Gulf Canada SA process SA binder characteristics, processing technology, and design technology. This chapter summarizes and reports the progress which has been made towards commercial application of the acquired technology. 

In our research design we have chosen the case study strategy, which is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context [...] [13]. The main objective of this study was to measure the perceived usefulness of CRIOP among its users in the Norwegian oil and gas industry. We used interviews in the exploratory phase and followed up with an online survey. Our observations fl om the workshops provided in-depth knowledge of the opinion of CRIOP among the stakeholders in the oil and gas industry and the application of CRIOP in industrial projects. 

Mass transfer across the liquid-solid interface in mechanically agitated liquids containing suspended solid particles has been the subject of much research, and the data obtained for these systems are probably to some extent applicable to systems containing, in addition, a dispersed gas phase. Liquid-solid mass transfer in such systems has apparently not been studied separately. Recently published studies include papers by Calderbank and Jones (C3), Barker and Treybal (B5), Harriott (H4), and Marangozis and Johnson (M3, M4). Satterfield and Sherwood (S2) have reviewed this subject with specific reference to applications in slurry-reactor analysis and design. 

Once the FDA receive the initial submission, an IND reference number is assigned. The application is then passed on to the appropriate review centre either the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), or the Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research (CBER). Various experts will then review the submitted documents, the purpose being to ensure that the safety of subjects is not compromised and, in the case of Phase II and III studies, that the quality of study design is scientifically adequate. The FDA are allowed 30 days to complete the initial review, after which the study can commence, provided that it has been approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). 

Equations of state relate the phase properties to one another and are an essential part of the full, quantitative description of phase transition phenomena. They are expressions that find their ultimate justification in experimental validation rather than in mathematical rigor. Multiparameter equations of state continue to be developed with parameters tuned for particular applications. This type of applied research has been essential to effective design of many reaction and separation processes. 

The characteristics of this kind of CL emission, design of reactors, CL reactions in gas phase, and applications as detection technique in gas chromatography (GC) and atmospheric research are extensively described in Chapter 13. 

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