Research and development stage

The application of value analysis to new products in the research and development stage. 

Develop new less-energetic chemical reaction systems for product manufacture, including alternate catalytic and biological routes where appropriate Emphasize need to develop economically viable inherently safer systems at the research and development stages of new process development Develop new process equipment and strategies for product manufacture using lower inventories of reactive chemicals, error tolerant approaches, and process conditions further from limits of control where appropriate... 

While the direct carbonylation is well accepted by industry, the reductive and oxidative carbonylations are still in the research and development stage. Using Texaco technology (j, 7/ ) the combined synthesis of ethene and ethanol is feasible via homologation of acids according to Figure 3. Ethene can also be obtained from the reductive carbonylation of methyl acetate to ethyl acetate followed by pyrolysis (2 ). Both routes, so far, lack selectivity. 

The U.S. Army claims that HGD gained a reputation for being expensive during the research and development stage. Several factors contributed to increased costs during this period, including ... 

As with any product, the beginning is in the research and development stages.Various experiments are usually conducted at this starting stage of the product s life cycle. This experimentation demonstrates what works and what does not. It is at this stage of the product s life that many control parameters are evaluated (e.g., glass container in lieu of stainless steel, temperature controls, optimal range). 

Continuous fermentation processes are primarily used in the research and development stage. However, more chemostat operations are being used at the production level as the understanding of this reactor increases. Examples include ethanol fermentation for the production of fuel grade ethanol and single-cell protein production from methanol substrates. 

In terms of the product life cycle analysis, a new product or polymer would generally require about thirty years from the research and development stage before becoming a commodity product when millions of tonnes are produced annually for mainstream application. In 2005, the biodegradable plastics industry has about fifteen to twenty years of development time behind it and has now reached the market introduction stage. 

The contents are widely embracing as possible for viable technologies in 2008. From time to time new technologies are identified or more information on emerging technologies become available. For brevity, the book does not cover technology still in the research and development stage. In particular, the extensive volume of material on the direct conversion of gas (methane) into ethylene has been omitted. 

LBA ASSAY CONSIDERATIONS RELATIVE TO RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STAGE 23... 

TABLE 2.1 Validation Recommendations for Different Research and Development Stages... 

Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis is a critical tool in the research and development of new industrial and agricultural chemicals and is the first line of approach in the cancer hazard evaluation of chemicals. Careful SAR analyses can spot or reveal potential health hazard of new chemicals early in the research and development stage. SAR considerations are also essential for designing and selecting appropriate batteries of tests to study the potential toxicity of chemicals and to elucidate their molecular mechanisms of action. 

I have tried to take a logical approach in the book by moving from the discussion of large instruments at the beginning of the book to small instruments at the end of the book. This also means that the book moves from traditional equipment through modem technology to instruments only described in the literature, and at the same time from commercially available equipment to devices only at the research and development stage. 

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