Reproductive system, effects

Bernstein ME. 1984. Agents affecting the male reproductive systems Effects of structure on activity. Drug Metab Rev 15 941-996. 

Reproductive system, effect of ozone on in animals, 366-67 in plants. 459-60, 628-29, 690... 

Receptor-xenobiotic interactions have been associated with immune, central nervous (CNS), endocrine, cardiovascular (CVS), developmental, and reproductive system effects as well as with carcinogenesis. A sampling of toxic chemicals that bind with receptors and their effects is listed in Table 4.3. 

Lethal concentration of TNT to plants in water is 5000 pg L . Phytotoxicity from contaminated soil is dependant on soil properties, for example, plant yields are significantly reduced in silty soils when TNT concentrations reach 200 mg kg but no effects are observed at concentrations of less than 400 mg kg in clay. Laboratory research has also shown that TNT concentrations in soil greater than 9000 mg kg result in no surviving earthworms, whilst male animals treated with high doses of TNT have developed serious reproductive system effects. 

Exposure to excessive amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure) increases the risk of developing certain diseases. The parts of the body which may be affected include the blood, nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, and kidneys. These effects include anemia, muscular weakness, kidney damage, and reproductive effects, such as reduced fertiHty in both men and women, and damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women. 

Reproductive System. The primary PGs are intimately involved in reproductive physiology (67). PGE2 and PGP2Q, are potent contractors of the pregnant utems and intravenous infusion of either of these compounds to pregnant humans produces a dose-dependent increase in frequency and force of uterine contraction. PGI2 and TXA2 have mild relaxant and stimulatory effects, respectively, on uterine tissue. The primary PGs also play a role in parturition, ovulation, luteolysis, and lactation and have been impHcated in male infertility. 

Effects of Oestrogen on the Development and Function of the Male Reproductive System... 

It needs to be noted that a toxic effect on the reproductive system may be mediated through alterations in normal functions of the central nervous system, gonads (ovaries, testicles), or on the pharmacokinetics of reproductive hormones. ... 

If xylene and toluene both affect the huintui reproduction system in response to clu onic exposure, what is tlie liazard index response exposure level for toluene is 200 pg/m. ... 

As to be expected from a peptide that has been highly conserved during evolution, NPY has many effects, e.g. in the central and peripheral nervous system, in the cardiovascular, metabolic and reproductive system. Central effects include a potent stimulation of food intake and appetite control [2], anxiolytic effects, anti-seizure activity and various forms of neuroendocrine modulation. In the central and peripheral nervous system NPY receptors (mostly Y2 subtype) mediate prejunctional inhibition of neurotransmitter release. In the periphery NPY is a potent direct vasoconstrictor, and it potentiates vasoconstriction by other agents (mostly via Yi receptors) despite reductions of renal blood flow, NPY enhances diuresis and natriuresis. NPY can inhibit pancreatic insulin release and inhibit lipolysis in adipocytes. It also can regulate gut motility and gastrointestinal and renal epithelial secretion. 

Recently, leaders in the pharmaceutical industry have developed a list of desired properties for a fourth generation of SERMs (Table 2). In general, future SERMs must oppose endogenous hormone action in the breast and reproductive system while displaying full estrogenic effects in the cardiovasculature, bone and central nervous systems. Additional criteria are that fourth generation compounds possess superior bioavailability compared with existing SERMs and have... 

Reproductive Toxicity—The occurrence of adverse effects on the reproductive system that may result from exposure to a chemical. The toxicity may be directed to the reproductive organs and/or the related endocrine system. The manifestation of such toxicity may be noted as alterations in sexual behavior, fertility, pregnancy outcomes, or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of this system. 

Health Effect The major categories of health effects included in LSE tables and figures are death, systemic, immunological, neurological, developmental, reproductive, and cancer. NOAEEs and EOAELs can be reported in the tables and figures for all effects but cancer. Systemic effects are further defined in the "System" column of the LSE table (see key number 18). 

Herrero, M.P. Johnson, R.R. (1981). Drought stress and its effect on maize reproductive systems. Crop Science, 21, 105-10. 

Apart from the wide range of neurotoxic and behavioral effects caused by OPs, many of which can be related to inhibition of AChE, other symptoms of toxicity have been reported. These include effects on the immune system of rodents (Galloway and Handy 2003), and effects on fish reproduction (Cook et al. 2005 Sebire et al. 2008). In these examples, the site of action of the chemicals is not identified. Indirect effects on the immune system or on reproduction following initial interaction with AChE of the nervous system cannot be ruled out. It is also possible that OPs act directly on the endocrine system or the reproductive system, and phosphorylate other targets in these locations (Galloway and Handy 2003). 

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