Reproductive system, affect

Exposure to excessive amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure) increases the risk of developing certain diseases. The parts of the body which may be affected include the blood, nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, and kidneys. These effects include anemia, muscular weakness, kidney damage, and reproductive effects, such as reduced fertiHty in both men and women, and damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women. 

TABLE 5.17 Examples of Chemical Compounds that Affect the Reproductive System... 

If xylene and toluene both affect the huintui reproduction system in response to clu onic exposure, what is tlie liazard index response exposure level for toluene is 200 pg/m. ... 

Estrogens mainly affect the growth and maturation of the female reproductive system and the maintenance... 

The estrogens are secreted by the ovarian follicle and in smaller amounts by the adrenal cortex. Estrogens are important in the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and the primary and secondary sex characteristics. At puberty, they promote growth and development of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts. They also affect the release of pituitary gonadotropins (see Chap. 50). 

The accessory system in male and female rodents then, is susceptible to a variety of modulatory influences, which in turn affects the functions of the reproductive system. The interactions of hormones with transmitters at each stage along the AOS pathway (Fig. 5.9) form the... 

We do not know how mirex directly affects the health of people. However, animal studies have shown that eating mirex can cause harmful effects on the stomach, intestines, liver, and kidneys. Eating mirex can also cause harmful effects on the eyes, thyroid, nervous system, and reproductive system. Since these effects occur in animals, they may also occur in people. 

Bernstein ME. 1984. Agents affecting the male reproductive systems Effects of structure on activity. Drug Metab Rev 15 941-996. 

The direct effect of inhalation exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane on spermatogenesis in animals has not been studied. Nonetheless, the available data from animal studies indicate that the male reproductive system in rats is affected by exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane at high doses. In all studies discussed below, however, rats had high mortality associated with chemical toxicity and/or chemically-induced neoplasia. It is therefore difficult to attribute effects on the reproductive organs to... 

Following oral or intraperitoneal administration of heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide to male mice that were then bred with untreated females, the preimplantation losses and resorptions were within control limits (Arnold et al. 1977 Epstein et al. 1972). However, lack of corpora lutea counts may have resulted in inaccurate identification of preimplantation losses. On the other hand, when both sexes of mice or rats were fed diets containing heptachlor in multigeneration studies, resorptions were increased relative to controls, and fertility was markedly decreased (Green 1970), in some instances to zero (Akay and Alp 1981). These results seem to suggest that heptachlor affects the female reproductive system and/or the fetuses and may also affect the male reproductive system. 

Exercise is not without risks these include sudden cardiac death, hyperthermia, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, hypo-natraemia, a reduction in the effectiveness of the immune system, overuse injury and interference in the reproductive system in females. Whether severe physical activity affects the reproductive system in males is sometimes discussed but these are no reports in the scientific literature. 

D5 has slightly different properties than D4, and it does not have any estrogenic activity [289]. It does, however, also have adverse effects on the reproductive system, much like D4, but also on the adipose tissue, bile production, and even immune system due to D5 s effect of reducing the prolactin levels [291]. In addition, it was determined that D5 causes a significant increase in uterine tumors in rats after a 160 ppm exposure. However, it is proposed that the tumors occur in rats through a mechanism that would not affect humans [291]. D5 also acts as a dopamine agonist and it can cause adverse effects on the nervous system in humans [291]. For exposures to D6 in rats, an increase in liver and thyroid mass and reproductive effects were observed [292]. 

Toxicology. 2-Methoxyethyl acetate affects the central nervous system, the hematopoietic system, and the reproductive system in animals. 

Sex hormones are hormones that affect the reproductive system. 

Any implications for the reproductive system arising from an effect on the homeostasis of the major body systems should be considered. For example, compounds that affect the contractility of smooth muscle might be expected to affect the reproductive tract compounds affecting the cardiovascular system might be expected to have an effect in gestation via the maternal circulation or directly on the embryonic cardiovascular system as it develops. 

Fujimoto and A. B. Kostellow. Factors CS235 affecting the response of the female rat reproductive system to cannabinoids. 

Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Hughs CL Jr, Morgan TM, Burke GL. Soybean isoflavones improve cardiovascular risk factors without affecting the reproductive system of peripubertal rhesus monkeys. J. Nutr. 126, 43-50, 1996. 

Sexual function and fertility reflect a wide variety of functions that are necessary for reproduction and may be affected by exposure to environmental factors. Any disturbance in the integrity of the reproductive system may affect these functions. Patterns of reported infertility vary around the world, but approximately 10% of all couples experience infertility at some time during their reproductive years. Human studies on altered sexual function/fertility provide the most direct means of assessing risk, but data are often unavailable. For many environmental chemicals, it is still necessary to rely on information derived from experimental animal models and laboratory studies. 

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