Representation of Risks

In addition to indicating numerical values pictorial representations of risk are used. By way of example Fig. 8.5 shows the location risk as lines on a map. These lines around the investigated plant are lines of equal risk, the so-called iso-risk contours. 

Collective risks are represented by so-called complementary frequency distributions. These indicate the expected frequencies for the occurrence of a damage which is larger than a certain value. For example. Fig. 8.6 shows the frequency 

Zweite Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zur Storfall-Verradnung (2. StorfallVwV) vom 27. April 1982 (GMBl. 1982 S. 205) 

DIN EN 60812 2006-11, Analysetechniken fur die Funktionsirihigkeit von Systemen— Verfahren fur die Fehlzustandsart-und-auswirkungsanalyse (FMEA) (EC 60812 2006) Deutsche Fassung EN 60812 2006 

Hauptmanns U, Werner W (1991) Engineering risks—evaluation and valuation. Springer, Berlin 

---

As a final comment on inadequacies of mathematical representations of risk, those who bear the risk are not necessarily those who receive the benefit. While unequal distribution of risk and benefit may not be fair, it is difficult to redress die incquily. 

The above stochastic model takes a decision merely based on first-stage and expected second-stage costs leading to an assumption that the decision-maker is risk-neutral. The generic representation of risk can be written as ... 

NCRP believes that a conceptually simple composite risk index for mixtures of hazardous substances can be developed that provides an adequate representation of risk for the purpose of waste classification. The composite risk index is written in terms of separate risk indexes for substances that induce stochastic (s) and deterministic (d) effects as ... 

Figure 7 Three-dimensional representation of risk severity (distribution value), frequency and uncertainty (cumulative likelihood).

To provide the most realistic representation of risk, all forms of uncertainty arc considered. Rather than assuming the existence of some representative condition prior to the accident scenario, a study models the full range of conditions and other uncertainties that can affect the scenario. Results include uncertainties in the frequency and consequences of each scenario. The upper uncertainty bound shown for the QRA risk estimates is a measure of the analysts confidence in the results. There is a 95 percent chance that the risk is less than the upper bound. 

Thus, this representation of risk is favored and variability, upper partial mean, regret functions, chance constraints, VaR, and the risk premium are disregarded. 

As requested by the Administration, the study was reviewed by an independent technical support organization. The review found that the study is, in general, a fair representation of risk level of Krsko NPP during an outage. 

Furthermore, the results of psychometric studies consist in fact in a representation of risk perception (Hottois 2001). 

Figure 34-2 is a diagrammatic representation of risk assessment. The illustration shows risk assessment with two main components. This diagram includes risk determination and risk estimation. Risk determination includes identifying risks and risk estimation. These are the same two steps others include in risk assessment. 

Although risks posed by management have been shown to be significant contributors to accidents, they are not normally included in risk analyses or safety cases - with the result that assessments must be optimistic. If management issues were addressed, not only would there be truer representations of risk, there would also be a basis for the assessment and improvement of an organisation s corporate governance. 

The RPN = S X O X D. Higher RPN is worse than lower RPN, that is, higher RPN numbers signify more risks. Here, one needs to note that RPN (simple product of three parameters) is not a perfect representation of risks because these number assignments are subjective and not continuous. Another interesting factor worth noting is that RPN (in its simplest product form, i.e.,... 

If embodied information is not present in written communication, we might ask, where is it to be located In the following chapters, we show how miners deploy both speech and gesture to construct representations of risk that integrate theory and practice. These interviews allow us to examine the rhetorical transformations that occur outside of written communication at critical moments within the Cycle of Technical Documentation within Large Regulatory Industries. 

What might a study of gesture reveal about the ways that knowers construct and negotiate strategic representations of risk outside of written scientific and technical texts ... 

---