Kidneys renal cortex

The most exposed organs are the kidneys, bladder wall, adrenals, liver, and spleen. The effective (whole body) dose equivalent is 0.016 mSv/MBq. The effective dose in adults (70 kg) resulting from an intravenous injection of 70 MBq (1.9 mCi) of " Tc(lll)-DMSA complex for renal scintigraphy is 1.12 mSv. The dose to the kidneys (renal cortex) after intravenous injection of 70 MBq (1.9 mCi) of " Tc(III)-DMSA complex is 11.9 mGy. 

Rabbit (also found in cat, dog, goat, guinea pig. kidney (renal cortex) trehalose 6.3 3.5 mM 152... 

Studies show that the main sites of uranium deposition ate the renal cortex and the Hvet (8). Uranium is also stored in bones deposition in soft tissues is almost negligible. Utanium(VI) is deposited mostly in the kidneys and eliminated with the urine whereas, tetravalent uranium is preferentially deposited in the Hvet and eliminated in the feces. The elimination of uranium absorbed into the blood occurs via the kidneys in urine, and most, - 84%, of it is cleared within 4 to 24 hours (8). 

Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity is responsible for the formation of prostaglandins from their arachidonic acid precursor. Two COX isoforms have been identified, COX-1 and COX-2. While COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues, COX-2 is typically only found after induction by proinflammatory stimuli. However, a constitutively expressed and highly regulated COX-2 is found in the kidney, both in the renal medulla and in the renal cortex. Renal cortical COX-2 is located in the area ofthe juxtaglomerular apparatus, and prostaglandins formed by COX-2 regulate the expression and secretion of renin in response to a reduction in NaCl concentration at the macula densa. 

The kidneys lie outside the peritoneal cavity in the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral column, slightly above the waistline. In the adult human, each kidney is approximately 11 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick. These organs are divided into two regions the inner renal medulla and the outer renal cortex. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron (see Figure 19.1 and Figure 19.2). Approximately 1 million nephrons are in each kidney. The nephron has two components ... 

The dominant mercury pool in the body is the kidney [23, 31]. The kidneys contained over 85% of the body burden of mercury 15 days or more after a single injection of mercuric chloride into rats [32]. Maximum levels in the rat kidney were attained in less than a day after doses of mercuric chloride [33], The renal cortex contained the highest levels [34-36], the maximum concentrations being found in the proximal tubular system, while mercury was close to background levels in the glomeruli and collecting ducts. 

Metabolic pathways of chloroform biotransformation are shown in Figure 2-3. Metabolism studies indicated that chloroform was, in part, exhaled from the lungs or was converted by oxidative dehydrochlorination of its carbon-hydrogen bond to form phosgene (Pohl et al. 1981 Stevens and Anders 1981). This reaction was mediated by cytochrome P-450 and was observed in the liver and kidneys (Ade et al. 1994 Branchfiower et al. 1984 Smith et al. 1984). In renal cortex microsomes of... 

This MRL was derived using a LOAEL value of 0.2 mg/kg/day, based on the presence of kidney damage in female mice (NTP 1991). Tubular cell degeneration and regeneration in the renal cortex were found in treated animals. 

The morphological and functional development of the kidney has extensively been studied in rats. There is a rapid differentiation of the renal cortex after birth (83). The proximal segments of the tubules grow most rapidly, and micropuncture techniques have shown that glucose is reabsorbed solely by this segment of the tubule. Baxter and Yoffey have reported that in the newborn rat the peripheral region of the renal cortex is characterized by a neogenic zone of undifferentiated tissue, which cannot store the vital dye, trypan blue. By 28 days after birth, the tubules... 

In rabbits given a single intravenous dose of aluminum lactate, aluminum concentrations did not increase above controls in the cerebellum, white brain tissue, hippocampus, spinal cord, adrenal glands, bone, heart, testes, or thyroid (Yokel and McNamara 1989). Treated animals did have significant increases of aluminum in the liver, serum, bile, kidneys, lungs, and spleen. The liver of exposed rabbits had over 80% of the total body burden of aluminum. Persistence of aluminum in the various tissues, organs, and fluids varied. Estimated half-times of aluminum were 113, 74, 44, 42, 4.2, and 2.3 days in the spleen, liver, lungs, serum, renal cortex, and renal medulla, respectively. The kidneys of treated rabbits also demonstrated a second half-time which exceeded 100 days. 

While renal contribution to overall metabolism is less than hepatic contribution, renal metabolism is of clinical importance. The kidney, in particular the renal cortex, contains many of the same metabolic enzymes found in the liver, including CYPs. Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance are the typical methods used to assess renal function, although 24-hour urine collection can also be used. These are reliable indicators of renal clearance. 

Ishikawa I, Onouchi Z, Saito Y, Kitada H, Shinoda A, Ushitani K, Tabuchi M, Suzuki M (1981) Renal cortex visualization and analysis of dynamic CT curves of the kidney. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5 695-701... 

Figure 24.4 Schematic representation of the relationship between renal cortex concentration and morphologic changes present in the kidneys of monkeys dosed with second-generation antisense oligonucleotides.

Each kidney receives its blood supply from a renal artery, two of which branch from the abdominal aorta. Upon entering the hilum of the kidney, the renal artery divides into smaller arteries which in turn give off still smaller branches. Branching off these are the afferent arterioles supplying the glomerular capillaries, which drain into efferent arterioles. Efferent arterioles divide into peritubular capillaries that provide an extensive blood supply to the renal cortex. Blood from these capillaries collects in renal venules and leaves the kidney via the renal vein. Blood supply is intimately linked to blood pressure. 

---