Related kinases

AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK SNF1 complex (fungi) SNF1-related kinase-1 (higher plants)... 

The cytoplasmic domains of protocadherins are unrelated to those of classical cadherins. They do not bind catenins and it is not clear whether they are associated with the cytoskeleton [1]. Some protocadherins interact with the c- src-related kinase Fyn, indicating a role in signal transduction (see below). 

Cobb, M. H., Boulton, T. G., and Robbins, D. J. (1991). Extracellular signal-related kinases ERKs in progress. Cell Regul. 2 965-978. 

Gabrielli, B. G., Roy, L. M., Gautier, J., Philippe, M., and Mailer, J. L. (1992a). A afc2-related kinase oscillates in the cell cycle independently of cyclins G2/M and cdc2. J. Biol. Chem. 267 1969-1975. 

Boxem M, Srinivasan DG, van den Heuvel S 1999 The Caenorhabditis elegans gene ncc1 encodes a cdc2-related kinase required for M phase in meiotic and mitotic cell divisions, but not for S phase. Development 126 2227—2239... 

BI-D1870 (Table 7.1) has been reported to be a specific p90RSK inhibitor that lacks activity against other closely related kinases (in the so-called AGC family, which includes the S6 kinases and PKB [Sapkota et al, 2007]). 

Abraham, R. T. (2004). PI 3-kinase related kinases Big players in stress-induced signaling pathways. DNA Repair (Amst.) 3, 883—887. 

Protein kinase C (PKC) exists as a family of closely related kinase subspecies with a heterogeneous distribution in the brain 897... 

Tsukumo, S., et. al., Skewed differentiation of thymocytes toward CD8 T cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin requires activation of the extracellular signal-related kinase pathway, Arch. Toxicol., 76, 335, 2002. 

HR1 Protein kinase C-related kinase homology region 1 homologs E(MF) 1(2) 1(1) ... 

Lopez-Borges S, Lazo PA (2000) The human vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRKl) phosphorylates threonine-18 within the mdm-2 binding site of the p53 tumour suppressor protein. Oncogene 19(32) 3656-3664... 

Ota T, Suto S, Katayama H, Han ZB, Suzuki F, Maeda M, Tanino M, Terada Y, Tatsuka M (2002) Increased mitotic phosphorylation of histone H3 attributable to AIM-l/Aurora-B overexpression contributes to chromosome number instability. Cancer Res 62(18) 5168-5177 Paulson JR, Taylor SS (1982) Phosphorylation of histones 1 and 3 and nonhistone high mobihty group 14 by an endogenous kinase in HeLa metaphase chromosomes. J Biol Chem 257(11) 6064—6072 Petersen J, Paris J, Wilier M, Philippe M, Hagan IM (2001) The S. pombe aurora-related kinase Arkl associates with mitotic structures in a stage dependent manner and is required for chromosome segregation. J Cell Sci 114(Pt 24) 4371 384... 

Sevilla A, Santos CR, Barcia R, Vega FM, Lazo PA (2004a) c-Jun phosphorylation by the human vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRKl) and its cooperation with the N-terminal kinase of c-Jun (JNK). Oncogene 23(55) 8950-8958... 

Vega FM, Gonzalo P, Caspar ML, Lazo PA (2003) Expression of the VRK (vaccinia-related kinase) gene family of p53 regulators in murine hematopoietic development. FEBS Lett 544(1-3) 176-180 Vega FM, Sevilla A, Lazo PA (2004) p53 Stabilization and accumulation induced by human vaccinia-related kinase 1. Mol Cell Biol 24(23) 10366-10380... 

Figure 21.9 The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAP kinase cascade). The active protein Ras activates Raf by promoting its recruitment to a cell membrane. Through a series of phosphorylations MAP kinase is activated as follows MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf) phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase which, in turn, phosphorylates MAP kinase, the final target enzyme. MAP kinase phosphorylates transcription factors for genes that express proteins involved in proliferation. Another nomenclature for the enzymes is also used raf is MEKK MAPKK is MEK and finally ERK is MAP kinase (ERK is the abbreviation for extracellular-signal-related kinase) For comparison, the reader is referred to the metabolic phosphorylase cascade, which is discussed in Chapter 12 (Figure 12.12).

In the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, NIMA (never in mitosis, gene A) kinase phosphorylates H3 at Ser-10 [48]. At mitosis NIMA kinase association with chromatin increases and following metaphase NIMA locates to the mitotic spindle and spindle pole bodies. A human NIMA-related kinase (Nek6) was identified as a putative mitotic HI and H3 kinase [49]. 

Fig. 15.9. Antiapoptotic signalling by the PI3-kinase/Akt kinase pathway The PI3 kinase/Akt kinase pathway influences apoptosis via phosphorylation of the Bad protein, which is a member of the family of Bcl-2 proteins. Activation of the PI3-kinase pathway leads to Akt-kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of Bad protein. Bad protein in its unphosphorylated form participates in activation of initiator caspases and thus has a proapoptotic effect. Phosphorylation of Bad protein by Akt kinase (or related kinases) has an antiapoptotic effect since phosphoryla-ted Bad protein is a binding substrate of 14-3-3 proteins. Bad is thus sequestered in an inactive state and is not available for triggering of apoptosis.

Loss of the p53 tumor suppressor gene has been shown to impede the anti-leukemic response to BCR-ABLl inhibition (43). Another mechanism for resistance that is independent of BCR-ABLl and that has been demonstrated in vitro is over-expression of SRC-related kinases such as LYN (44). It appears that kinases from the SRC family mediate signaling of BCR-ABLL This has been demonstrated in vitro with the use of SRC kinase inhibitors and SRC mutants that are kinase defective (45,46,47). 

Kozisek ME, Middlemas D, Bylund DB Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase in the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2008 117(1) 30. [PMID 17949819]... 

Chen YR, Tan TH. 1999. Mammalian c-jun n-terminal kinase pathway and ste20-related kinases. Gene Ther Mol Biol. 4 83-98. 

Errico M, Crozier RA, Plummer MR, Cowen DS. 5-HT7 receptors activate the mitogen activated protein kinase extracellular signal related kinase in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2001 102 361-367. 

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