RELACS

Lipatov, Y. S. Relacation and Viscoelastic Properties of Heterogeneous Polymeric Compositions. Vol. 22, pp. 1 —59. 

Hall and Bischofberger177 found that, when 2,3 5,6-di-0-isopro-pylidene-D-gulono-1,4-lactone was oxidized with ruthenium(VIII) oxide and an excess of sodium periodate, it gave 2,3 5,6-di-0-isopro-pylidene-D-riho-4-hexulosono-l,4-[(R) or (S)]-lactol. Similar results were observed with 2,3 5,6-di-0-isopropylidene-D-mannono-1,4-lactone and 2,3 5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-allono-l,4-lactone. This oxidation presumably proceeds by way of lactone cleavage and oxidation of the free 4-hydroxyl group followed, on acidification by relac-tonization, and formation of the new lactol. 

Some studies have been reported where individual aromatic groups of a protein have been systematically replaced using site-directed mutagenesis, allowing the contributions of the individual chomophores to be determined. Craig et al. [106] have systematically relaced all the Trp moieties in interleukin-ip (IL-lp). Earlier work of Elwell and Schellman [107] replaced the tryptophan in T4 lysozyme with tyrosine. 

Fig. 7.7. The difference between the satellite wavelengths and the resonance line wavelengths in Ar16+ as a function of n, for the three satellite groups, along with the theoretical wavelengths. The measured values for An, Bn and C are depicted as asterisks, triangles and dots, respectively. The satellite group A3 is shown as the x. The theoretical wavelength differences are shown by the curves, with the calculated value for A3 (from RELAC) given by the dot. The solid lines are from MZ, while the dotted lines are from RELAC...

Reactions of Phosphines. - 1.2.1 Nucleophilic Attack at Carbon. Treatment of the unsaturated y-lactone (177) with tributylphosphine results in selective relacement of chlorine to form the phosphonium salt (178). Reactions of phosphines with alkynes have continued to attract interest. A palladium-catalysed addition of triphenylphosphine to unactivated terminal alkynes in the presence of methanesulfonic acid provides a route to the vinylphosphonium salts (179). This reaction fails with methyldiphenylphos-... 

RELACS resolution enhancement of lithography assisted by chemical shrink... 

The postexposure-based techniques are grouped into three broad categories, namely, reflow-based. shrink techniques, chemical-based shrink techniques, and plasma-assisted shrink techniques. The reflow-based shrink techniques comprise thermally induced reflow and electron-beam heating-induced reflow of patterned resist features. The chemical-based shrink techniques comprise those techniques that either increase or decrease the sidewall thickness of already patterned resist features, thus effectively altering their critical dimension. Examples of chemical-based shrink techniques that result in an increase in the sidewall of the patterned features include techniques based on RELACS (resolution enhancement of lithography assisted by chemical shrink) and CARL (chemical amplification of resist lines).Examples of chemical-base shrink techniques that result in decrease... 

T. Toyoshima, T. Ishibashi, N. Yasuda, S. Tanitani, T. Kanda, K. Takahashi, Y. Takano, and H. Tanaka, Below 100 nm hole pattern formation using resolution enhancement lithography assisted by chemical shrink (RELACS), J. Photopolym. Set Technol. 15(3), 377 378 (2002). 

As the name implies, this technique increases the thickness of the sidewall, resulting in a decrease in the diameter of the hole or trench opening. It is used in reducing the CD of contact hole and trench features. The resolution enhancement of lithography assisted by chemical shrink (RELACS) is a good example of this technique. 

Figure 17.7 RELACS process flow (Reprinted with permission from the Conference of Photopolymer Science and Technology. )...

The RELACS technique offers many advantages over a thermal shrink approach. For example, it reduces iso-dense bias when compared to thermal shrink techniques, has very low pitch dependence, reduces LER and line width roughness (LWR), and improves etch resistance. 

Another type of group studied as a relacement for some of the oxygen backbone atoms is the carborane cage structure [e.g., meta-CBjoHioC-]. Papitti (16) et.al. reported the synthesis of meta S1B2 polymers ... 

As defined above, the rate of cfaai shows how one variable changes with respect to another variable. In this example, speed is the dependent variable and time is the independent van-able. The speed is called the dependent variable, because the speed of die car is a funcdon of rime. On the other hand, the dme variable is not dependent on the speed, and hence, it is called an independent variable. If you could defime a funcdon that closely described the speed in terms of rime, then you would differentiate the funcdon to obtain the acceleration. Relaced to the example above, there are many other questions that you could have asked ... 

Figure 8.13 illustrates the response of this EW in terms of cyclic voltammetry. In the cathodic cycle the window is transparent (combination of WO3 in the pristine state and of fully lithiated LiyNi03) and in the anodic cycle the window becomes reflective (dark blue, lithiated LixW03). However, as in the previously discussed case of ECDs, the temperature-dependent conductivity of the electrolyte is of crucial importance for this EW, whose response becomes manifest only above 60°C, namely at temperatures higher than the crystalline to amorphous transition point. In fact, at this temperature the solid-state EW operates with a good transmittance variation (i.e. from 20% to 55%) and with an excellent cyclability (Figure 8.14). However, the response time is slow, thus confirming that more versatile windows require the relacement of PEO-based polymer electrolytes with electrically improved materials having fast ion transport at ambient and subambient temperatures [40].

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