Regional atmosphere

Pai P, Karamchandani P, Seigneur C. 1997. Simulation of the regional atmospheric transport and fate of mercury using a comprehensive Eulerian model. Atmos Environ 31 2717-2732. 

Taking into account the electrochemical nature of the atmospheric corrosion process it is absolutely necessary to use the concept of Time of Wetness (TOW). It is a concept commonly used in atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials and refers to the time when the metal is sufficiently wet for corrosion reaction to occur, that is, when an electrolyte is present in the metallic surface. Under the particular characteristics of atmospheric corrosion there are time periods where corrosion could not occur due to the absence of an electrolyte in the metallic surface. The lowest outdoor TOW values are observed in the desert regions, as also in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. Atmospheric corrosion rates of metals at these climatic conditions are also very low and in the case of cold regions, the increase of temperature leads to the increase of TOW and corrosion rate [11], In principle, TOW is a parameter that depends upon both the climatic conditions and in the characteristics of the metallic surface. 

Sievering, H. Dave, M. Dolske, D. McCoy, P. Trace Element Concentrations over Mid-Lake Michigan as a Function of Meteorology and Source Region, Atmospheric Environ., 1980, Jj ... 

Air samples collected in the Canadian Prairies showed the presence of several currently used herbicides such as triallate, 2,4-D, dicamba, bromoxynil, MCPA, and trifluralin. While triallate was identified to be influenced by local sources, the other herbicides identified in air were thought to be due to regional atmospheric transport [88]. 

The mechanism of the hydroxyl radical-initiated oxidation of /i-pincnc in the presence of NO has been investigated using a discharge-flow system. Propagation of hydroxyl radicals was observed after the addition of O2 and NO, and the measured concentration profiles were compared with simulations based on both the master chemical mechanism and the regional atmospheric chemistry mechanism for /i-pinene oxidation.228... 

Muir, D.C.G., Teixeira, C, Wania, F. (2004) Empirical and modeling evidence of regional atmospheric transport of current-use pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23, 2421-2432. 

Kober, B., Wessels, M., Bollhofer, A., and Mangini, A. (1999). Pb isotopes in sediments of Lake Constance, Central Europe constrain the heavy metal pathways and the pollution history of the catchment, the lake and the regional atmosphere. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 1293-1303. 

Abstract Based on long-term and seasonal data, the basic hydrometeorological features that form the natural regime of the Black Sea are under consideration, which include climate (regional atmospheric circulation, winds, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, moisture content, precipitation), wind waves, water balance, sea level (multiannual and seasonal changes, storm surges, seishes, tidal oscillations), as well as sea ice. 

J.H. Seinfeld, Chemistry of ozone in the urban and regional atmosphere, in J.R. Barker (Ed.), Progress and Problems in Atmospheric Chemistry, World Scientific, Singapore, 1995, pp. 34-57. 

Stockwell WR, Middleton P, Chang JS (1990) The second-generation regional acid deposition model chemical mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modelling. J Geophys Res 95 16343-16367... 

Keller, M., D. J. Jacob, S. C. Wofsy, and R. C. Haniss. 1991- Effects of tropical deforestation on global and regional atmospheric chemistry." Climatic Change 19 139-158. 

Carvalho, Jr., JA., J. M. Santos, J. C. Santos, M. M. Leitao, and N. Higudii. 1995. A tropical rain forest clearing experiment by biomass burning in the Manaus region. Atmospheric Environment 29(17) 2301-2309. 

But not only mercury is released by mining. Mn ore mining activities taking place in the Brazilian Amazon basin as open pits (for instance in the Serra do Navio, Amapa State), represent a potential source of associated ferrous metals (such as Ni, Cr, Cu, As). Acid mine drainage contains dissolved and particulate metals in toxic concentrations, affects the pH of streams and mobilizes metals. Moreover, wind dispersal of material from unstable spoil heaps can result in local or regional atmospheric contamination. Despite the likely importance of this source in the environment, it is currently not possible to estimate the quantities of trace... 

For open ocean regions atmospheric deposition is calculated as a percent of biological N2-fixation plus atmospheric deposition, assuming river N inputs are removed within coastal and shelf sediments. For continental shelves the range includes uncertainties in river N inputs for open ocean estimates, the range is that calculated with and without including DON in rainwater. See Fig. 6.6 for the contribution of atmospheric deposition in watersheds to river N export. 

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