Regeneration circuits

Pressure balance deals with the hydraulics of catalyst circulation in the reactor/regenerator circuit. The pressure balance starts with the static pressures and differential pressures that are measured. The various pressure increases and decreases in the circuit are then calculated. The object is to ... 

The major components of the reactor-regenerator circuit that either produce or consume pressure are as follows ... 

A survey of the reactor-regenerator circuit of a 50,000 bpd (331 m /hr) cat cracker produced these results ... 

General refractory selection guidelines for various components of the reactor-regenerator circuit are listed in Table 7-10. 

Catalyst circulation is like blood circulation to the human body. Without proper catalyst circulation, the unit is dead. Troubleshooting circulation problems requires a good understanding of the pressure balance around the reactor-regenerator circuit and the factors affecting catalyst fluidization. The fundamentals of fluidization and catalyst circulation are discussed in Chapter 5. 

Conduct a single-gauge pressure survey of the reactor-regenerator circuit. Using the results, determine the catalyst density profile. 

Ambient air enters the regeneration circuit through a filter (8), and is driven by the regeneration blower (9) to the regeneration heater (10), where the temperature is raised to 425°F before it enters the off-line desiccant bed (11). 

Table II. Solution composition corresponding to a 3-stage steady-state HCl regeneration circuit Conditions HCl cone. [mol/L] CaCh cone. [mol/L]... 

Figure 7. Flowchart of hydrochloric acid regeneration circuit and calcium sulfate production...

Stage is included to control the level of iron build-up on the organic phase. Amine circuits also often require a regeneration circuit to protonate the extractant ahead of the extraction process. Other amine circuits may use a strong caustic wash to remove very strongly bound impurity species from the stripped organic phase to avoid loss of capacity on recycle of the organic to the extraction circuit. 

Pt—Q—Salt, [Pt(NH3)2(HP04)] and [Pt(OH)3] (259,260). Chloride-based baths have been superseded by P-Salt-based baths, which are more stable and relatively easily prepared. Q-Salt baths offer even greater stabiUty and produce hard, bright films of low porosity. Plating under alkaline conditions employs salts of [Pt(OH3)] . These baths are easily regenerated but have low stabiUty. Platinum films have uses in the electronics industry for circuit repair, mask repair, platinum siUcide production, and interconnection fabrication (94). Vapor deposition of volatile platinum compounds such as [Pt(hfacac)2] and... 

The processing type refers to how the copper circuits are fabricated. These classes differ in stabiHty, ease of regeneration and control, operating... 

Beyond the standpipes, the available delta P across the valve is affected by the pressure drop in other circuits. For the regenerated catalyst slide valve, downstream pressure is affected by ... 

This process of discarding the noise eigenvectors to extract some of the noise from the data is sometimes called short circuit data reproduction. A more convenient term is regeneration. 

The major lipid-soluble antioxidant primarily associated with lipid membranes is a-tocopherol (vitamin E). Circulating a-tocopherol is carried by chylomicrons, LDL and HDL and also has extracellular antioxidant capacities. As a chain-breaking antioxidant, it short circuits the propagation phase of lipid peroxidation because the peroxyl radical will react with a-tocopherol more rapidly than a polyunsaturated ffitty acid (Burton and Traber, 1990). The resulting a-tocopheryl radical reacts with a second peroxyl radical to form an inactive, nonradical complex. In vitro, ascorbate regenerates the tocopheryl radical into its native non-radical form (Burton and Traber, 1990). 

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