Regenerated protein fibers

A fiber consisting of a copolymer of casein protein (25%-60%) grafted with 40%-75% acrylic monomers, of which at least half is acrylonitrile, has been developed in Japan under the tradename Chinon. The casein dissolved in aqueous zinc chloride and grafted with acrylonitrile is wet or dry spun into fibers. The fiber has a tenacity of 3.5-5 g/d (32-45 g/tex) dry and 3-4.5 g/d (27-40 g/tex) wet and an elongation at break of 15%-25% wet or dry. It recovers 70% from 5% elongation. The fiber has a moisture regain of 4.5%-5.5% and a specific gravity of 1.22. It dyes readily with acid dyes, but basic and reactive dyes can be used also. The fiber is marketed as a substitute for silk. 

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Matsumoto, K., Uejima, H., Iwasaki, T., Sano, Y., and Sumino, H. "Studies on regenerated protein fibers 3. Production of regenerated silk fibroin fiber by the self-dialyzing wet spinning method". J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60(4), 503-511 (1996). 

Soy protein was one of a number of proteins that were used to produce reg protein textile fibers in the late 1930s and 1940s. The discovery of regenerated protein fibers from casein is attributed to Todtenhaupt in 1904, but it was Parretti, who in 1935 successfully developed, patented, and produced a textile fiber with wool-like properties from soy protein. In the United States, soy protein textiles and felt materials were explored as replacements for wool, felt, and fur (Hartsuch, 1950 MoncriefF, 1975). In 1939, the Japanese reportedly produced about 450,000 kg (1 million lb) of soy protein fiber (Conner, 1989). The first U.S. patents for soy fibers were granted to T. Kajita and R. Inoue in 1940 (Kajita Inoue, 1940). 

Robert Boyer of H. Ford s Edison Institute was awarded an important patent in 1945 (Boyer et al., 1945) for producing textile fibers from soybean meal for use in automobile upholstery. In addition to soy protein, casein, corn zein, and peanut protein were also used to produce regenerated protein fibers. H. Ford once wore a suit made from soy protein fibers, which was reportedly quite itchy when dry and odiferous when wet. Soy protein fiber technology never attained commercial textile production... 

Regenerated protein fibers exist as random coils. Arachine (peanut protein), zein, casein, and egg albumin belong in this group. 

Therefore, attempts are being made to utilize renewable agricultural products or byproducts. In the same way, attempts have also been made to exploit agricultural byproducts based on proteins as a source of producing regenerated protein fibers. However, none of these attempts have been commercially successful [7,8],... 

Regenerated protein fiber such as soybean fiber... 

Regenerated protein fiber (EDV) Poly(styrene) (ASTM, DIN, ISO, lUPAC) Pressure-sensitive adhesive Pressure-sensitive adhesive Thermoplastic copolymer from styrene, acrylic ester and butadiene DIN) see also SBV, S/B... 

Regenerated protein fibers, in general Zein fibers Protein Azlon ZE P R... 

There is Httle difference between the wet and the dry stress—strain diagrams of hydrophobic fibers, eg, nylon, acryHc, and polyester. Hydrophilic protein fibers and regenerated cellulose exhibit lower tensile moduH on wetting out, that is, the elongations increase and the strengths diminish. Hydrophilic natural ceUulosic fibers, ie, cotton, linen, and ramie, are stronger when wet than when dry. 

Plastics and fibers have been produced from regenerated proteins obtained from a number of sources [17]. The process involves dispersing the proteins in dilute sodium hydroxide followed by extrusion through a spinneret into an acid bath to form the fibers that are then crosslinked with formaldehyde to improve strength. The fibers are used along with silk and wool. 

Regenerated proteins from casein (lanital), peanuts (ardil), soybeans (aralac), and zine (vicara) are used as specialty fibers. Regenerated and modified cellulose products, including acetate, are still widely used today and the production of fibers is similar to that described above for synthetic fiber production. Most regenerated cellulose (rayon) is produced by the viscose process where an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of cellulose xanthate is precipitated in an acid bath. The relatively weak fibers produced by this wet spinning process are stretched to produce strong rayon. 

These regenerated proteins are obtained from milk (casein), soya beans, corn, and peanuts. More or less complex chemical separation and purification processes are required to isolate them from the parent materials. They may be dissolved in aqueous solutions of caustic, and wet-spun to form fibers, which usually require further chemical... 

Manmade Organic Fibers, Except Cellulosic Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing manmade organic fibers, except cellulosic (including those of regenerated proteins, and of polymers or copolymers of such components as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, linear esters, vinyl alcohols, aery-... 

Further, Py-GC examination of synthetic polymer fibers can often provide more data than other techniques in cases where there are minor differences in composition within a class. In contrast, fibers that are chemically very similar are difficult to differentiate by IR and Py-GC. Cotton and viscose rayon, polyesters based on PET and wool and regenerated protein, are examples of the use of these methods. 

Poole AJ, Church JS, Huson MG et al (2009) Environmentally sustainable fibers from regenerated protein. Biomacromolecules 10 1-7... 

Patel M (2003) Do biopolymers fulfill our expectations concerning environmental benefits In Chiellini E, Solaro R (eds) Biodegradable polymers and plastics. Kluwer/Plenum, New York Poole AJ, Church JS, Huson MG (2009) Environmentally sustainable fibers from regenerated protein. Biomacromolecules 10 1-8... 

Zein fiber n. A manufactured fiber of regenerated protein derived from maize. 

Blended regenerated protein fibres. This is an upholstery fabric containing soya bean fibre. (Photograph courtesy of Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, from the publication Synthetic Fibers and Textiies (Bulletin 300), Fletcher H.M., 1942.)... 

Broccolini A, Engel WK, Askanas V. (1999) Localization of survival motor neuron protein in human apoptotic-like and regenerating muscle fibers, and neuromuscular junctions. Neuroreport 10, 1637-1641. 

Textile fibers are normally broken down into two main classes, natural and man-made fibers. All fibers which come from natural sources (animals, plants, etc.) and do not require fiber formation or reformation are classed as natural fibers. Natural fibers include the protein fibers such as wool and silk, the cellulose fibers such as cotton and linen, and the mineral fiber asbestos. Man-made fibers are fibers in which either the basic chemical units have been formed by chemical synthesis followed by fiber formation or the polymers from natural sources have been dissolved and regenerated after passage through a spinneret to form fibers. Those fibers made by chemical synthesis are often called synthetic fibers, while fibers regenerated from natural polymer sources are called regenerated fibers or natural polymer fibers. In other words, all synthetic fibers and regener-... 

The synthetic man-made fibers include the polyamides (nylon), polyesters, acrylics, polyolefins, vinyls, and elastomeric fibers, while the regenerated fibers include rayon, the cellulose acetates, the regenerated proteins, glass and rubber fibers. Figure 1-1 shows a classification chart for the major fibers. 

The other major hair (keratin) fibers include mohair, cashmere, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, as well as many others. Regenerated Azlon fibers are derived from soluble proteins that can be spun into fibers, insolubilized, and regenerated. Soluble proteins also may be grafted to form a copolymer, dissolved, and then spun into fibers. 

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