Refugee system

Gallagher, D. (1989) The Evolution of the International Refugee System. Pp. 37-48 in G. Loescher and L. Monahan (eds.). Refugees and International Relations. Oxford Oxford University Press. 

Forced migration and refugees are intertwined with the nation state and its borders. This chapter examines the relationship between the nation state, borders, refugees, and citizenship. It looks at asylum challenges to the nation state and considers borders and refugees in historical context. In addition, this chapter examines the link between the creation and maintenance of borders and the production of refugee movements. It also discusses how the asylum determination system threatens borders, the state, and the international refugee system. 

Disasters may cause large population movements (refugees) creating a burden on other health care systems and communities. Displaced populations and their host communities are at increased risk for communicable diseases and the health consequences of crowded living conditions. (Noji, 1996)... 

Infectious hepatitis caused by HAV is common worldwide and is usually spread as a result of poor personal hygiene and can be a problem in day care centers, refugee camps, and among troops in the field. The virus is hardy and can withstand relatively harsh chemical treatments and can survive outside the body for days. It attacks humans only, invading the liver and generating, hence, a systemic debilitating illness. 

The air curtain isolation system was mounted above the entrance of external protective door of the permanent refuge chamber of Dayangquan Coal Mine. When refugees enter, an air curtain was formed by this system, and it could effectively prevent toxic gas from entering into the refuge chamber with refugees. 

The auxiliary systems of the permanent refuge chamber could meet basic survival needs of refugees, including lighting system, power system, water, food, sanitary installation, armamentarium, fire fighter and self-rescuer. 

Refugees are Scroungers and Beggars, always looking for Handouts and trying to Milk the system. 

As armed conflict forces people to leave from their homes, a need arises for temporary shelter. Camps for internally displaced persons and refugees can have significant environmental impacts on agricultural land, forests, and other ecosystems. Refugees and internally displaced persons also require safe water and food, sanitation systems, medical-care and public health services, all of which could have direct or indirect environmental consequences [33]. 

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