Refinery Derived Numbers

Naphthenic acid corrosion has been a problem ia petroleum-refining operations siace the early 1900s. Naphthenic acid corrosion data have been reported for various materials of constmction (16), and correlations have been found relating corrosion rates to temperature and total acid number (17). Refineries processing highly naphthenic cmdes must use steel alloys 316 stainless steel [11107-04-3] is the material of choice. Conversely, naphthenic acid derivatives find use as corrosion inhibitors ia oil-weU and petroleum refinery appHcations. 

Petroleum asphalts, compared to native asphalts, are organic with only trace amounts of inorganic materials. They derive their characteristics from the nature of their cmde origins with some variation possible by choice of manufacturing process. Although there are a number of refineries or refinery units whose prime function is to produce asphalt, petroleum asphalt is primarily a product of integrated refineries (Fig. 1). Cmdes may be selected for these refineries for a variety of other product requirements and the asphalt (or residuum) produced may vary somewhat in characteristics from one refinery-cmde system to another and even by cut-point (Table 2) and asphalt content (Fig. 2) (5,6). The approximate asphalt yields (%) from various cmde oils are as follows ... 

Thiophenes continue to play a major role in commercial applications as well as basic research. In addition to its aromatic properties that make it a useful replacement for benzene in small molecule syntheses, thiophene is a key element in superconductors, photochemical switches and polymers. The presence of sulfur-containing components (especially thiophene and benzothiophene) in crude petroleum requires development of new catalysts to promote their removal (hydrodesulfurization, HDS) at refineries. Interspersed with these commercial applications, basic research on thiophene has continued to study its role in electrocyclic reactions, newer routes for its formation and substitution and new derivatives of therapeutic potential. New reports of selenophenes and tellurophenes continue to be modest in number. 

This term actually originated in the petrochemicals industry and is derived from the oil refinery process, where an increased number of plates in a distillation column results in a more efficient separation. 

The estimate was derived from the following calculations At the 1971-72 peak of heroin production in the Golden Triangle, much of which was intended for American soldiers in Vietnam, 21 refineries were in operation since then the number has declined. Assuming that ten are still in operation, and that the annual output of each is equivalent to the 3,000... 

As previously mentioned, pyrolysis feedstocks are usually made up of complex hydrocarbon mixtures derived from the refinery. An example of this complexity has been already given in Table V in which boiling temperatures and the number of paraffin isomers are compared with the carbon numbers of various petroleum fractions (Altgelt and Boduszynski, 1994). 

Whereas natural monomers like terpenes and sugars constitute building blocks for a limited number of macromolecular structures, associated with their own peculiar chemical features, the realm of furan polymers bears a qualitatively different connotation in that it resembles the context of petrol refinery, that is, it is open to a whole domain of monomers, whose only specificity is the fact that they all incorporate the furan heterocycle in their structure. This state of affairs stems from the fact that, as in petroleum chemistry, saccharide-based renewable resources are used to produce two first-generation furan derivatives, which constitute the substrates capable of being converted into a vast array of monomers and hence a correspondingly large number of macromolecular structures associated with materials possessing different properties and applications [34]. 

From the arguments in chapter 4.2.3.4 it may be deduced that while the derived index numbers of chapter 4.2.3.2, such as ND, CR, CCR/ND, and R800/ND may be of theoretical interest, other index numbers are relevant to the practice of refineries, and may also be obtained by thermogravimetry (see Tables 4-20 and 4-21). 

The experience derived from observing damages caused to industrial plants by past earthquakes can be very useful to identify the most exposed components to the seismic risk and the evaluation of the consequences. Despite the difficulties of obtaining and organizing data, detailed information on the behavior of the refineries in a certain number of earthquakes are available, in particular those listed in Table 1 (Kawasumi, 1968 Nilsen ... 

Two actions were taken in an effort to improve the neural network model. First, more diesel blends were analyzed to increase the number of data points. For this purpose 114 diesel blends were prepared using 15 diesel blending components obtained from a number of Canadian refineries and derived from conventional crude oils and synthetic materials. The blending components and... 

The potential stoichiometric advantage of producing MA from saturated and unsaturated C4 hydrocarbon has long been of interest to the industry, even through the oxidations are less selective. Either -butane or a mixture of butene-1 and butene-2 are used as a feed. The latter is derived from refinery hydrocarbon cracker after the removal of chemically useful butadiene and isobutylene. A number of companies have developed processes for MA... 

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