Refilling method

Gold was. deposited by the refilling method (12,13), which consists In a Redox surface reaction between chemisorbed hydrogen on platinum and the cation of the second metal (Au) according to the following scheme ... 

As discussed earlier, there are two types of refill methods shoulder-first refill and fixed-position refill. 

Shoulder-First Refill. Allen et al. (Ref 7) performed weld trials using the shoulder-first refill method in 2 mm (0.08 in.) thick upper and lower sheet 7075-T6 aluminum lap welds under forge control mode. A large effective shear area was formed and a high degree of refill achieved (Fig. 12.26). 

Fixed-Position Refill. A process development matrix was obtained with a smooth cylindrical pin and shoulder profile using the fixed-position refill method (Fig. 12.28). The materials used for this study were 3.18 mm (0.13 in.) thick upper and lower sheet 2024-T3 aluminum lap joints. Characteristic measurements were made of surface indentation, effective shear area, void size, and lap-shear strength. 

This method is called in the literature recharge or refilling method [10-17] or adsorption of metalhc ions via ionization of adsorbed hydrogen [18-25]. 

When the modifier is a base metal, the most commonly used redox reaction is catalytic reduction. Nevertheless, the refilling method with preadsorbed hydro-... 

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements for Pd-Pt systems prepared either by direct redox or refilling method indicated the presence of platinum in the vicinity of palladium for both preparations [13]. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis was carried out on Pd or Pt modified by Cu, Ag and Au [35], Pd-Sn [38], Pd-Cu [36], Rh-Ge [41], Pt-Ru-Sn and Pt-Ru-Mo (Fig. 9.5) [76], Pd-Sn-Au and Pt-Sn-Au [46] to collect more information on metallic particles in terms of particle size and composition. The catalysts prepared by redox reactions showed that the parent metal is always associated to the additive, but can be found isolated for supports which are able to adsorb the modifier. 

For the initialisation of new fluid nodes, all 19 equilibrium and non-equilibrium distribution functions of each node are reconstructed through an extrapolation method, proposed by Caiazzo [5]. The so-called refill method consists of four substeps. At first, the fluid velocity and density of a new fluid node is obtained by extrapolation from the closest fluid neighbour nodes. The corresponding equilibrium distribution can be calculated in a second step with [25] ... 

If the cake is to be washed, the slurry heel can be blown from the filter and wash liquor can be introduced to refill the shell. If the cake tends to crack during air blowing, it may be necessaiy to displace the shiny heel with wash gradually so as never to allow the cake to diy. Upon the completion of filtration and washing, the cake is discharged by one of several methods, depending on the sheU and leaf configuration. 

Where the available water has a high proportion of solids, there are methods either of pretreating the water or, by agitating the water in the centre of the block (which freezes last), of removing the concentrated dirty water before it becomes solid. The core is then refilled with fresh water [30]. 

Offline cleaning can, and should, be entirely successful, with the simplest methods requiring, say, a 10 or 15% inhibited hydrochloric (muriatic) acid solution that is allowed to soak for some hours before neutralization, flushing, and refilling. Where the waterside deposit analysis reveals complex scales, however, it may be necessary to employ several different cleaning solvents. These solvents are added in a multistep process. 

To replace the old-fashioned eye-control method of detecting the level of the liquid, appliance manufacturers now use reed sensors to show when the container for Jet-Dry needs refilling. The reed sensor is mounted underneath, or next to, the liquid container. A floater with an internal permanent magnet is placed in the container and floats on the liquid. If its level falls to a minimum, the floater activates the reed sensor which, in turn, activates a light on the front control panel of the dishwasher, signaling the need to refill the Jet-Dry container. 

Sets of parameters such as burette volume, reagent strength, increment size and time interval, end-point potential, format of results, etc., can be stored and recalled from memory as standard methods for routine analyses. An alphanumeric keyboard is used to enter or change the parameters, to take individual pX or mV readings and to control the rinsing and the refilling of the automatic burette. Raw titration data and computed analytical results can be printed out as a permanent record, and titration curves can be produced on a chart recorder or VDU. 

The German method of prepn was described by Brandoer and Goepp (Refill)... 

The Extrelut cleanup method is suitable for most foodstuffs, such as cheese, yogurt, and other samples that tend to form emulsions during extraction. The prepacked or refilled Extrelut column in a plastic tube consists of a wide-pore kieselgel column. A sample is homogenized in 0.5 N sulfuric acid, diluted with water, and applied onto the Extrelut column for at least 15 min. The absorbed preservatives are eluted with a chloroform - isopropanol (9 1) mixture, and the elu-ate is collected and evaporated carefully nearly to dryness. The last few milliliters of solvent are removed with a gentle flow of nitrogen to prevent substantial losses of BA and SA, which have relatively high vapor pressures. The residue is transferred with methanol into a 10-ml volumetric flask and diluted to volume with methanol. To speed up the dissolution, the use of an ultrasonic bath is recommended. The filtered extract is analyzed on a /zBondaPak Cl8 column, with a... 

Method 4. Evacuate the apparatus using a vacuum pump and refill it with inert gas. Repeat the evacuation and refilling process twice more. This procedure is described in more detail below. 

The Hahnemann method of dilution is time consuming and involves a large number of containers for preparing a potency. A quicker and more practical method introduced by Korsakov in 1832 requires a single container for the preparation of high potencies of a drug. The container is simply emptied and refilled with the diluent medium in each step of successive dilution. The emptied vial still contains some residual amount of the preceding potency for further dilution. 

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