Reference sprays

C. Eckers, J.-C. Wolff, N. J. Haskins, A.B. Sage, K. Giles, R. DaXsmaxt, Accurate mass LC-MS on oa-TOF-MS using switching between separate sample and reference sprays. 1. Proof of concept. Anal. Chem., 72 (2000) 3683. 

Fig. 3 Indications on the Reference Pieces 6 Detection Media Pxy 3 sprayings Above No. 1 (Size of the Frames 15 mm x 5 mm)...

Z-spray. Z refers to the approximate shape of the trajectory of particles formed by electrospray ionization... 

Hydantoin itself can be detected ia small concentrations ia the presence of other NH-containing compounds by paper chromatography followed by detection with a mercury acetate—diphenylcarba2one spray reagent. A variety of analytical reactions has been developed for 5,5-disubstituted hydantoias, due to their medicinal iaterest. These reactions are best exemplified by reference to the assays used for 5,5-diphenylhydantoiQ (73—78), most of which are based on their cycHc ureide stmcture. Identity tests iaclude the foUowiag (/) the Zwikker reaction, consisting of the formation of a colored complex on treatment with cobalt(II) salts ia the presence of an amine (2) formation of colored copper complexes and (3) precipitation on addition of silver(I) species, due to formation of iasoluble salts at N. ... 

Bonded Solid-Film Lubricants. Although a thin film of soHd lubricant that is burnished onto a wearing surface often is useful for break-in operations, over 95% are resin bonded for improved life and performance (62). Use of adhesive binders permits apphcations of coatings 5—20 p.m thick by spraying, dipping, or bmshing as dispersions in a volatile solvent. Some commonly used bonded lubricant films are Hsted in Table 12 (62) with a more extensive listing in Reference 61. 

The different types of furniture pohshes include hquid or paste solvent waxes, clear oil pohshes, emulsion oil pohshes, emulsion wax pohshes, and aerosol or spray pohshes (3). Nonwoven wipes impregnated with pohsh ingredients have been targeted at consumers who do not wish to expend the time to dust before polishing (11). Compilations of representative formulas are given in References 3, 4, 12, and 13. Paste waxes contain ca 25 wt % wax, the remainder being solvent. Clear oil pohshes contain 10—15 wt % oil and a small amount of wax, the rest being solvent. Aerosol or spray products may contain 2—5 wt % of a sihcone polymer, 1—3 wt % wax, 0—30 wt % hydrocarbon solvent, and ca 1 wt % emulsifier. The remainder is water. 

Pattemators may comprise an array of tubes or concentric circular vessels to coUect Hquid droplets at specified axial and radial distances. Depending on the pattemator, various uniformity indexes can be defined using the accumulated relative values between the normalized flow rate over a certain sector or circular region and a reference value that represents a perfectly uniform distribution. For example, using an eight-sector pie-shaped coUector, the reference value for a perfectly uniform spray would be 12.5%. The uniformity index (28) could then be expressed as foUows, where is the normalized volume or mass flow rate percentage in each 45-degree sector. 

Stains. Nongrain-raising stains are usually sprayed overall and contribute the greatest to the overall undertone color of a finished piece. These stains are also sometimes referred to as body stains or overall stains. They are usually dye-type and can be formulated, depending on the type of dye powder and solvent system, to minimise the effect of the stain on the substrate. 

Rhinitis is characterized by nasal stuffiness with partial or full obstmction, and itching of the nose, eyes, palate, or pharynx, sneezing, and rhinorrhoea. If left untreated it can lead to more serious respiratory diseases such as sinusitis or asthma. Although several types of dmgs are available for treatment, nasal spray topical corticosteroids are widely regarded as the reference standard in rhinitis therapy (250). 

Sodium borate solutions near the Na20 B202 ratio of maximum solubihty can be spray-dried to form an amorphous product with the approximate composition Na20 4B202 4H20 commonly referred to as sodium octaborate (64). This material dissolves rapidly in water without any decrease in temperature to form supersaturated solutions. Such solutions have found apphcation in treating ceUulosic materials to impart fire-retardant and decay-resistant properties (see Cellulose). 

There were over 3000 electrostatic powder spray lines and about 800 other powder coating installations operating in the United States as of 1991. Eor additional general information on the safety aspects of powder coatings, see References 90, 93, and 94. 

The discussion of combustion fundamentals so far has focused on homogeneous systems. Heterogeneous combustion is the terminology often used to refer to the combustion of Hquids and soHds. From a technological viewpoint, combustion of Hquid hydrocarbons, mainly in sprays, and coal combustion are of greatest interest. 

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