Redundant signal

GGTase I may rescue the functions of some normally farnesylated proteins or redundant signaling pathways might be able to circumvent the Ras/MAP kinase pathway. 

The operation of the ECCS network is automatically activated by the reactor protection system upon redundant signals that are indicating low reactor vessel water level or high drywell pressure or a combination of indicators showing low reactor vessel water level and high drywell pressure. 

The HPCS system can operate independently of normal auxiliary AC power, plant service air, or the emergency cooling water system. Operation of the system is automatically initiated from independent redundant signals indicating low reactor vessel water level or high pressure in the primary containment. The system also provides for remote-manual startup, operation, and shutdown. A testable check valve in the discharge line prevents backflow from the reactor pressure vessel when the reactor vessel pressure exceeds the HPCS system pressure such as may occur during initial activation of the system. A low flow bypass system is placed into operation until pump head exceeds the nuclear system pressure and permits flow into the reactor vessel. 

Ungerboeck, G. 1987. Trellis-coded modulation with redundant signal sets, part I Introduction and trellis-coded modulation with redundant signal sets, part 11 State of the art. IEEE Comm. Mag. 25(Feb.) 5-ll and 12-21. 

Fault tolerant A control system configuration that inherendy provides auto selection of alternate or redundant signal paths to effect uninterrupted operations. 

Redundancy is commonly used in I C systems important to safety to achieve system reliability goals and/or conformity with the single failure criterion. For redundancy to be fully effective, there should be independence (see paras 4.36-4.48). Taken alone, redundancy increases the reliability of safety actions or safety related actions, but it also increases the probability of spurious operation. Coincidence of redundant signals for equipment or a rejection scheme for spurious signals that is based on intercomparisons of the redundant signals is commonly used to obtain an appropriate balance of reliability and freedom from spurious operation. 

Effective measures to reduce the number of spurious initiations include on-line signal filtering, validation of parameters, voting on redundant signals and energizing to actuate. 

Naturally, such a high probability of detection of theoretically 100% never can be realized in practice. The inspector will not recognize all good visible indications at any time because he cannot always be fiilly concentrated on his task, which is called "human factor". This human factor appears in any visual inspection and may be reduced only by a second redundant inspection or extreme signals as a light flash or an acustic signal. 

Each cross peak has x and y coordinates One coordinate corresponds to the chem real shift of a proton the other to the chemical shift to a proton to which it is coupled Because the diagonal splits the 2D spectrum m half each cross peak is duplicated on the other side of the other diagonal with the same coordinates except m reverse order This redundancy means that we really need to examine only half of the cross peaks To illustrate start with the lowest field signal (8 2 4) of 2 hexanone We assign fhis signal a friplef fo fhe protons af C 3 on fhe basis of ifs chemical shifl and fhe spin fmg evidenf m fhe ID speefrum... 

An alternative approach to the discretion of the translation parameter i( involves uniform sampling of the measured signal at all scales, i.e., u = kr, with k e Z. The resulting decomposition algorithm is of complexity OiN log N), and the associated reconstruction requires the computation of N log N coefficients, i.e., it contains redundant information. 

The slow decay of the signal counter, unless it is boosted by fresh wins, serves a second purpose. While a large counter indicates a suitable region of the map for the insertion of a new unit, a very small value indicates the opposite. The unit may be of so little value to the network that it is a candidate for deletion (section 4.5). Unlike the SOM, not only can units be added in the GCS, they can also be removed, so the signal counter can be used to identify redundant areas of the network where pruning of a unit may enhance efficiency. 

Intermediate-range nuclear instrumentation consists of a minimum of two redundant channels. Each of these channels is made up of a boron-lined or boron gas-filled compensated ion chamber and associated signal measuring equipment of which the output is a steady current produced by the neutron flux. 

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