Spontaneous redistribution

The situation is quite different when actin is polymerized under sonication in the presence of ATP. In this case, the polymerization curve cannot be described by equation (4). At a high actin concentration, overshoot polymerization kinetics are observed, with a maximum and subsequent decrease to a lower stable plateau (Carlier et al., 1985). The final amount of polymer is the same as that obtained when sonication is applied to F-actin that had polymerized spontaneously without sonication. Conversely, when sonication is stopped, repolymerization accompanies the spontaneous length redistribution to a population of less numerous, but longer filaments. 

Spontaneous Redistribution of DMP and MPP. The stretching frequency of the phenolic hydroxyl group in DMP homopolymer occurs at 3601 cm-1 and that of MPP homopolymer at 3552 cm-1, allowing the two different head groups to be distinguished. In the 1 1 DMP-MPP copolymers, 80 to 90% of the phenolic hydroxyls are of the MPP type. This can be explained, at least qualitatively, by the greater reactivity of... 

This is caused by a spontaneous redistribution between the two polymers ... 

It was observed that the titration of a coarse emulsion by a coemulsifier (a macromonomer) leads in some cases to the formation of a transparent microemulsion. Transition from opaque emulsion to transparent solution is spontaneous and well defined. Zero or very low interfacial tension obtained during the redistribution of coemeulsifier plays a major role in the spontaneous formation of microemulsions. Microemulsion formation involves first a large increase in the interface (e.g., a droplet of radius 120 nm will disperse ca. 1800 microdroplets of radius 10 nm - a 12-fold increase in the interfacial area), and second the formation of a mixed emulsifier /coemulsifier film at the oil/water interface, which is responsible for a very low interfacial tension. 

Mineral grinding leads to distorsion of chemical and ionic bonds between atoms and ions. In the fracture areas binding and coordination states get asymmetric, and new electron and electric valences occur. Spontaneous reactions in the crystalline structure and with contact phases are the consequence of the distorsion. Surface distorsion of the crystalline structure may be diminished or completely abolished. At the same time, the free surface energy decreases due to polarization of surface ions. These ions are redistributed in the inner or outer layer of the crystalline surface and/or due to chemisorption of molecules and ions1. All these changes occur side by side, but one of them can suppress the effect of the others in a decisive manner. 

Entropy production during chemical change has been interpreted [7] as the result of resistance, experienced by electrons, accelerated in the vacuum. The concept is illustrated by the initiation of chemical interaction in a sample of identical atoms subject to uniform compression. Reaction commences when the atoms, compacted into a symmetrical array, are further activated into the valence state as each atom releases an electron. The quantum potentials of individual atoms coalesce spontaneously into a common potential field of non-local intramolecular interaction. The redistribution of valence electrons from an atomic to a metallic stationary state lowers the potential energy, apparently without loss. However, the release of excess energy, amounting to Au = fivai — fimet per atom, into the environment, requires the acceleration of electronic charge from a state of rest, and is subject to radiation damping [99],... 

Atoms do not interact spontaneously, unless the electrons on two atoms that come into contact are at different chemical potential energy levels. Such a difference could result from differences in polarizability, which may cause a redistribution of the overall charge density, involving both atoms. In most cases polarization is insufficient cause for chemical reaction, which normally requires activation by external factors. It could be due to energetic collision, thermal activation, high pressure or catalytic effects. The result is the... 

PdCl - + 2e - Pdbuiii + 4CF AUCI4 + 3e — Aubuik + 4CT Hads H+-Hein the presence of chloride ions, the first step is followed by the following spontaneous redistribution of the additive as adsorbed adatoms ... 

The pore formation mechanism presented in Fig. 7 (45) is appealing for many reasons. It illustrates the significance of thermal fluctuations, because the pore is indeed induced by fluctuations in spontaneous salt ion concentrations in the vicinity of the membrane. Furthermore, the pore mediated ion leakage mechanism is very rapid, and it occurs in a collective manner through redistribution and diffusion of lipids around the pore. Also, recent data indicate that the pores also mediate flip-flop events across a membrane (46), which provides one plausible mechanism for lipid translocation, which in turn is of central importance in processes such as programmed cell death. Other dynamic processes in lipid systems are expected to be equally complex, which highlights the importance to understand the interplay between thermal fluctuations, physiologic conditions, and collective phenomena. 

Whichever name it is given, the origin of this attraction is the mushy electron cloud that surrounds the nitrogen molecule. Because the electrons can be considered mobile in the electron cloud, they can be pictured as congregating momentarily at one end of the molecule or the other. This momentary uneven distribution of electrons is termed a temporary dipole, but it acts in the same manner as a permanent dipole. It is attracted to other dipoles, temporary or otherwise. The redistribution of electrons may be spontaneous, or if there is an ion or a molecule with a permanent dipole in the vicinity, this species might induce a momentary dipole, too. This situation is shown in figure 1.8.2. 

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