Thermodynamic recognition

Rekharsky MV, Inoue Y, Chiral recognition thermodynamics of f-cyclodextrin The thermodynamic origin of enantioselectivity and the enthalpy-entropy compensation effect, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000 122 4418-4435. 

Rekharsky MV, Yamamura H, Kawai M, Inoue Y, Complexation and chiral recognition thermodynamics of y-cyclodextrin with N-acetyl- and N-carbobenzyloxy-dipeptides possessing two aromatic rings, J. Org. Chem. 2003 68 5228-5235. 

Rekliarsky, M.V. Inoue. Y. Complexation and chiral recognition thermodynamics of 6-amino-6-deoxy-0-cyclo-dextrin with anionic, cationic, and neutral chiral guests Counterbalance between van der Waals and coulombic interactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002. 724. 813-826. 

Although the chiral recognition mechanism of these cyclodexttin-based phases is not entirely understood, thermodynamic and column capacity studies indicate that the analytes may interact with the functionalized cyclodextrins by either associating with the outside or mouth of the cyclodextrin, or by forming a more traditional inclusion complex with the cyclodextrin (122). As in the case of the metal-complex chiral stationary phase, configuration assignment is generally not possible in the absence of pure chiral standards. 

In the same way that the first law of thermodynamics cannot be formulated without the prior recognition of internal energy as a property, so also the second law can have no complete and quantitative expression without a prior assertion of the existence of entropy as a property. 

At the beginning of the century, nobody knew that a small proportion of atoms in a crystal are routinely missing, even less that this was not a mailer of accident but of thermodynamic equilibrium. The recognition in the 1920s that such vacancies had to exist in equilibrium was due to a school of statistical thermodynamicians such as the Russian Frenkel and the Germans Jost, Wagner and Schollky. That, moreover, as we know now, is only one kind of point defect an atom removed for whatever reason from its lattice site can be inserted into a small gap in the crystal structure, and then it becomes an interstitial . Moreover, in insulating crystals a point defect is apt to be associated with a local excess or deficiency of electrons. 

The recognition that there is no fundamental thermodynamic limitation to constructing fully reversible, energy dissipationless, computers both classical and quantum. 

The form of equations (8.11) and (8.12) turns out to be general for properties near a critical point. In the vicinity of this point, the value of many thermodynamic properties at T becomes proportional to some power of (Tc - T). The exponents which appear in equations such as (8.11) and (8.12) are referred to as critical exponents. The exponent 6 = 0.32 0.01 describes the temperature behavior of molar volume and density as well as other properties, while other properties such as heat capacity and isothermal compressibility are described by other critical exponents. A significant scientific achievement of the 20th century was the observation of the nonanalytic behavior of thermodynamic properties near the critical point and the recognition that the various critical exponents are related to one another ... 

A surface is that part of an object which is in direct contact with its environment and hence, is most affected by it. The surface properties of solid organic polymers have a strong impact on many, if not most, of their apphcations. The properties and structure of these surfaces are, therefore, of utmost importance. The chemical stmcture and thermodynamic state of polymer surfaces are important factors that determine many of their practical characteristics. Examples of properties affected by polymer surface stmcture include adhesion, wettability, friction, coatability, permeability, dyeabil-ity, gloss, corrosion, surface electrostatic charging, cellular recognition, and biocompatibility. Interfacial characteristics of polymer systems control the domain size and the stability of polymer-polymer dispersions, adhesive strength of laminates and composites, cohesive strength of polymer blends, mechanical properties of adhesive joints, etc. 

P.B. Dervan, and K.J. Breslauer The thermodynamics of polyamide-DNA recognition Hairpin polyamide binding in the minor groove of duplex DNA. Biochemistry 1999, 38, 2143-2151. 

Goshe, A.J., Steele, I.M., Ceccarelli, C., Rheingold, A.L. and Bosnich, B. (2002) Supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly special feature supramolecular recognition on the kinetic lability of thermodynamically stable host-guest association complexes. Proceedings of the... 

Before we describe the chemistry of the compartments involved, note that like prokaryotes, a number of oxidative enzymes are found in the cytoplasm but they do not release damaging chemicals (see Section 6.10). We also observed that such kinds of kinetic compartments are not enclosed by physical limitations such as membranes. We have also mentioned that increased size itself makes for kinetic compartments if diffusion is restricted. In this section, we see many additional advantages of eukaryotes from those given in Section 7.4. How deceptive it can be to use just the DNA, the all-embracing proteome, metabolome or metallome in discussing evolution without the recognition of the thermodynamic importance of compartments and their concentrations These data could be useful both here and in simpler studies of single-compartment bacteria even in the analysis of species but not much information is available. 

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