Reclaimed Numbers

MEA systems foam rather easily resulting in excessive amine can y over from the absorber. Foaming can be caused by a number of foreign materials such as condensed hydrocarbons, degradation products, solids such as carbon or iron sulfide, excess corrosion inhibitor, valve grease, etc. Solids can be removed with cartridge filters. Hydrocarbon liquids aie usually removed in the flash tank. Degradation products are removed in a reclaimer as previously described. 

The purchase price of an initial charge of catalyst is but one factor entering into the cost of using a catalyst. For noble-metal catalysts, which have high reclaim value, this price is in itself relatively unimportant. The number of greater significance is the cost of the catalyst in use, that is, the cost of the catalyst when the value of reclaimed metal has been deducted,... 

Patent Number US 5556890 A 19960917 RECLAIMING EPSILON-CAPROLACTAM FROM CARPET WASTE... 

Correction works A large number of rivers and streams have been corrected in the Alps with the aims of protecting settlements from flooding, reclaiming farm land, and reducing epidemic plagues. Correction works comprise straightening of the stream course, riverbed stabilization, levees and different kinds of other measures. (cf. Sects 2.4 in [11], this volume, 2 in [16], this volume) Because of extensive correction works in the Swiss Alps, only a few relics of formerly widespread flood plains remain today. 

The consumption of rare earths in color TV is dictated in the first instance by the choice to use rare earth phosphors and the number of picture tubes produced. Within these constraints, several other factors tend to exert a downward influence on rare earth consumption. Reclaim, that is, reuse of phosphor coated on but not retained by the picture tube screen, is now universally practiced in the U.S, TV industry. Reclaim was not practiced at the time of the introduction of Eu-based reds. The high cost and uncertain availability of rare earth phosphors... 

Sewage effluents can be reclaimed in quality grades that are perfectly suited to irrigation purposes. In an increasing number of countries, water shortage makes irrigation with treated effluents attractive. This practice is feasible, provided a number of precautions are taken ... 

The number of scrap tires in Japan in 1977 was estimated to be approximately h J million with a total weight of 550 thousand tons. Although some of them are reused as reclaimed rubber, recapped tires, etc., it is difficult to recycle all of the scrap tires by the usual methods, therefore, there is a demand for new recycling systems for scrap tires. 

Ultrasonic reclaiming of NR was reported by Okuda and Hatano in 1987, which was also patented. They subjected the NR vulcanizate to 50 kHz ultrasonic energy for 20 min to achieve devulcanization followed by revulcanization and obtained reclaimed rubber with similar properties to those of original rubber. Isayev and coworkers reported in a number of publications the phenomenon of devulcanization by ultrasound energy and they also patented their developments. ... 

The establishment of a nuclear power industry based on fission reactors involves the production of a number of materials that have only recently acquired commercial importance, notably uranium, thorium, zirconium, and heavy water, and on the operation of a number of novel chemical engineering processes, inciuding isotope separation, separation of metals by solvent extraction, and the separation and purification of intensely radioactive materials on a large scale. This text is concerned primarily with methods for producing the special materials used in nuclear fission reactors and with processes for separating isotopes and reclaiming radioactive fuel discharged from nuclear reactors. 

Finally, as the world becomes more aware of the environmental damage caused by indiscriminate waste disposal it is apparent the RO process will play a key role in mitigating that problem. It appears that the next market for the RO process will be in industrial waste treatment in the United States to be followed by application in other countries. Eventually, the world will be forced to use reverse osmosis to reclaim municipal wastewater on a large scale and to put the reclaimed water to a number of already demonstrated beneficial uses. 

As already said in the Preface, a question arose as to the appropriateness of having a chapter in this book devoted to the cure of rubbers and to their properties concerned with the recovery of scrap rubber obtained from old tires. However, the amount of old tire rubber is so large that it could be considered as a raw material, and reclaiming will become a necessity when crude oil and natural rubber experience shortages. This problem is so vast that only a book in itself could describe all the possibilities of reusing. Nevertheless, a large number of opportunities has been identified, and the reclaiming processes based on the cure of these scrap rubbers have been considered. 

Worn-out tires and scraps and trimmings of other vulcanized products constitute the raw material for reclaimed rubber. Therefore a good reclaiming process must not only turn the rubber soft and plastic but also must remove reinforcing cords and fabrics that may be present. There are a number of commercial processes [43] for rubber regeneration (1) alkali digestion process, (2) neutral or zinc chloride digestion process, (3) heater or pan process, and (4) reclaimator process. 

There are certain technical limitations in the devulcanization of rubbers, and vulcanization is, in fact, not truly reversible (Pryweller, 1999). The partial devulcanization of scrap rubber will result in a degradation of physical properties. In many cases, this may limit the amount of substitution levels in high-tech applications such as passenger tires. But it can provide the compounder of less stringent products with an excellent low-cost rubber that can be used as the prime rubber or at very high substitution levels. According to Franta (1989), reclaim cannot be used for tread compounds in tires because every addition may decrease their resistance to wear. However, this statement has not been checked in case rubber devulcanized without an addition of chemicals. Considerable amounts of reclaim are consumed for carcasses of bias ply tires for cars if the compounds are of NR for carcasses of radial tires no reclaim is added. On the other hand, reclaim is added to compounds for bead wires and it may also be added to sidewalls. Within the framework of direct recycling options a number of applications for GRT outside the rubber industry have been proposed. Such applications include the use as a tiller in asphalt for the surface treatment of roads and as a rubberized surface for sport facilities. 

Recycling refers to the breakdown of a product into its raw materials in order for the raw material to be reclaimed and used in new products. In contrast, reuse refers to an existing product being used again within the same production chain. Textile recycling may involve reclaiming pre-consumer waste or post-consumer waste. There are a number of ways to identify the kinds of recycling possible within the textile and apparel context. 

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