Reciprocal inhibition

Activation of one mode i.s accompanied by reciprocal inhibition of the other mode. 

KSAYMRFamide (AF8) has been found to have nerve cord-dependent excitatory effects on ventral and inhibitory effects on dorsal muscle strips of A. suum (Maule et al, 1995b). To date, this is the only peptide found to display differential activity on body-wall muscle of Ascaris. The segmental oscillator model of locomotion proposed for A. suum relies on reciprocal inhibition of opposing effects on dorsal and ventral muscle fields which, with the appropriate time intervals, result in the recognized nematode locomotory wave form (Stretton et al., 1985 Davis and Stretton, 1996). It seems reasonable to hypothesize that AF8 could be involved in the... 

PDH is a multi-enzyme complex consisting of three separate enzyme units pyruvate decarboxylase, transacetylase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. Serine residues within the decarboxylase subunit are the target for a kinase which causes inhibition of the PDH the inhibition can be rescued by a phosphatase. The PDH kinase (PDH-K) is itself activated, and the phosphatase reciprocally inhibited, by NADH and acetyl-CoA. Figure 3.12(a and b) show the role and control of PDH. 

For example, in an environment rich in IFNy and lL-12, there is a Thl polarization, and in an environment rich in IL-4 (and eventually IL-13), there is Th2 polarization. The kind of cytokine environment reciprocally inhibits the other transformation (i.e., IL-4 blocks the Thl transformation and IFNy blocks Th2 transformation). 

Leveteau, J. and MacLeod, P. (1969) Reciprocal inhibition at glomerular level during bilateral olfactory stimulation In C. Pfaffman (Ed ), Olfaction and Taste, HI, pp. 212-215. Rockefeller University Press, New York. 

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a major control point for glycolysis. PFK is allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate, allosterically activated by AMP, ADP, and F2,6BP. Thus, carbon movement through glycolysis is inhibited at PFK when the cell contains ample stores of ATP and oxidizable substrates. Additionally, PFK is activated by AMP and ADP because they indicate low levels of ATP in the cell. F2,6BP is the major activator, though, because it reciprocally inhibits fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, which is the gluconeogenic enzyme that catalyzes the reversal of this step. 

Walrond, J. P. and Stretton, A. O. W. (1985) Reciprocal inhibition in the motor nervous system of the nematode Ascaris direct control of ventral inhibitory motorneurons by dorsal excitatory motorneurons. J. Neurosci. 5 9-15. 

The best known effects of barbiturates on the liver are those on the microsomal drug-metabolizing system (see Chapter 3). Acutely, the barbiturates combine with several CYPs and inhibit the biotransformation of a number of other drugs and endogenous substrates, such as steroids other substrates may reciprocally inhibit barbiturate biotransformations. 

The available studies indicate that a reciprocal inhibition occurs in the desatura-... 

The signalling proteins which stimulate glycogenolysis reciprocally Inhibit glycogen synthesis... 

Reciprocal inhibition. This is used in active myofascial techniques with or without resistance. When a stretch reflex stimulates one muscle, it simultaneously inhibits the antagonist muscle e.g., if the stretch reflex excites the biceps, reciprocal inhibition inhibits the triceps. 

Active indirect techniques are those in which the patient is asked to contract the ipsilateral antagonist muscles or the same muscles on the contralateral side. This method uses either the reciprocal inhibition or the crossed extensor reflexes to relax the muscles being treated. In these techniques, the physician typically applies isokinetic resistance to the patient s contraction, (hokinetic resistance The physician applies a resistive force such that the muscle contraction increases very little with the gradual decrease in muscle length i.e., the joint is allowed to move and the resistance is gradually increased.)... 

The aforementioned technique may be modified to treat the uppermost muscles by raising the ankles toward the ceiling and having the patient push down toward the floor. The legs are allowed to move against an isokinetic resistance. The patient is now contracting the muscles closest to the table to relax the uppermost muscles by reciprocal inhibition. A passive stretch may be added at the end of either of these techniques. 

Steinberg et al. (1969) have shown the existence of antibodies binding specifically with poly rl-poly rC labelled with in the sera of NZB and NZB/W mice as well as in the sera of SLE patients. This reaction can be inhibited by double-helical polyribonucleotide complexes. They showed also that these antibodies are different from anti-native DNA antibodies because the latter are not inhibited by double-helical polyribonucleotides. They later confirmed these results (Talal et al., 197I) by studies of reciprocal inhibition... 

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