Passive stretching

Carlson, C.G., Samadi, A., and Siegel, A., 2005, Chronic treatment with agents that stabilize cytosolic IkappaB-alpha enhances survival and improves resting membrane potential in MDX muscle fibers subjected to chronic passive stretch, Neurobiol Dis, 20, pp 719-730. 

Loughna, P.T., and C. Brownson (1996). Two myogenic regulatory factor transcripts exhibit muscle-specific responses to disuse and passive stretch in adult rats. FEBS Lett. 390 304—306. 

Goldspink, D.F. (1978) The influence of passive stretch on the growth and protein turnover of the denervated extensor digitorium longus muscle. Biochem. J. 174, 595-602. 

Extravascnlar resistance may decrease coronary blood flow, primarily during systole. This effect is much more pronounced in the left ventricle compared with the right ventricle. When the effect of increased contractility is separated from the effect of ventricular pressure, about 75% of extravascnlar resistance is accounted for by passive stretch in equilibrium with ventricular pressure, whereas only 25% results from active myocardial contraction. 

Hypotonia A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. [EU]... 

Resistive joint torque Soft tissue, passive stretching of antagonistic muscles, and ligaments introduce nonKnearities, which can be modeled as ... 

There are two additional proteins. Firstly sometimes a meshwork of scaffolding proteins can be recognized between the middle parts of the myosin filaments, probably stiffening them in their center regions. Electron microscopically they form the M-line (Fig. 9.2). Secondly a protein called titin is located between the ends of the Myosin filaments and the Z-membranes. This can only be seen by the electron microscope after special preparations. Due to its elasticity the system of myofibrils and therewith the total muscle becomes extensible. This is important for the muscles ability to store energy when passively stretched. 

Fig. 9.7. Descriptions of muscle mechanics passive stretch curve, energy loss and elastic efhciency...

Although the exact mechanism of action of metaxalone has not heen well established, it may be related to the general depression of the central nervous system in the human or modification of signals conducted through polysynaptic fibers controlling passive stretch. 

Increased tension in a skeletal muscle distorts the Golgi tendon organ, producing a generator potential that initiates an action potential. The action potential travels over the Ib neurons to the spinal cord. Afferent action potentials activate the intemeurons, which inhibit the alpha motor neurons back to the skeletal muscle. The increased muscle tension that initiates the reflex can result from contraction of the skeletal muscle or from marked passive stretch of the muscle. 

Direct mtrscle pttll cattses an elastic stretch, strch as occms timing periods of relaxation between active cotrlracliotts and also at the passive stretch administered at the etrd of mtrscle energy treatment. 

FIG. 26-9 Active indirect stretch of the paravertebral muscles using crossed extensor reflex (A) Starting position. (B) Midway through the maneuver, with the patient attempting to bring his chin to his right shoulder as the physician applies isokinetic resistance. (C) A passive stretch ends the technique. 

FIG. 37-17 Active indirect myofasciai technique for the thoracic region. The physician provides an isokinetic resistance to the patient s ieft arm puii. Passive stretch added at end. 

The physician applies a passive stretch to increase the rotation while stabilizing the lower body at the opposite anterosuperior iliac spine. 

The aforementioned technique may be modified to treat the uppermost muscles by raising the ankles toward the ceiling and having the patient push down toward the floor. The legs are allowed to move against an isokinetic resistance. The patient is now contracting the muscles closest to the table to relax the uppermost muscles by reciprocal inhibition. A passive stretch may be added at the end of either of these techniques. 

A passive stretch is given after the last repetition. 

Other restricted motions of the wrist or hand may be treated in a similar fashion by taking the joint to the barrier to motion, having the patient push against isometric resistance toward the freedom of motion, relax, and repeat the process three times. Any muscle energy technique may be followed by a passive stretch. 

A passive stretch may be accomplished by lying supine on a rolled-up towel that has been placed at the thoracolumbar junction. This... 

Fowles JR, Sale DG, MacDougal JD. Reduce strength after passive stretch of the human plantar flexors. J Appl Physiol 2000 89 1179-1188. 

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