Real-time rotation

Depth cueing is performed by applying a brightness gradient to a molecular model, in such a way that the atoms or bonds far away from the inspector become progressively darker than nearby objects. The combination of depth cueing and real time rotation provides excellent perception of 3D structures. 

We have presented a method to analyze the composite displacement and rotation movements. On Tables 1 and 2 we can see the agreement between the experimental values and that obtained from equations (1) or (2). This technique allows to follow the movement in real time, observing directly on the PC screen the ring size and position variations. In this way, we can determine the center and the radius of the ring. 

Polarization modulation can be done by rotating the polarizer, as is done in rotating-element ellipsometers [339], or by using photoelastic devices [337]. Data acquisition nowadays is fast, which makes real-time measurements of film and interface formation possible a full spectrum ranging from 1.5 to 5 eV can be measured in less than a second [340-342]. 

The diffractometer has gradually evolved in terms of maximum power of sealed X-ray tubes, rotating anodes, new X-ray optics, better detector efficiency, position-sensitive detection and, lately, real-time multiple-strip (RTMS) fast X-ray detection, which replaces a single detector by an integrated array of parallel detectors to provide an up to 100-fold increase in efficiency compared with traditional detectors without compromise on resolution. Time-resolved powder diffraction is... 

In 2006 Wimperis et al. proposed a method called satellite transitions acquired in real time by MAS (STARTMAS) [142, 202], which allows for the real-time acquisition of high-resolution NMR spectra of spin-3/2 nuclei under MAS. This method combines a train of pulses, similar to CPMG [109, 110], with sample rotation at the magic angle to refocus the quadrupolar broadening in a series of echoes, while allowing the isotropic quadrupolar shift and chemical shift to evolve. 

The intersubunit rotation is required for translocation as ribosomes trapped in the nonrotated state by an engineered intersubunit disulfide bridge fail in tRNA-mRNA movement. Real-time observation of intersubunit movement by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) showed that intersubunit movement occurs concomitantly with hybrid state formation, and that the rotated state can be trapped by the antibiotic viomycin. Similarly to the fluctuation of tRNAs between classical and hybrid states, single-molecule studies have detected spontaneous intersubunit movement where the 3 OS subunit fluctuates between a rotated... 

As a closing example of the powerful application of the concept of coherence in structures and dynamics, we point to its importance in obtaining molecular structural changes with time using ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) (Fig. 12). The UED technique has been developed, so far with -1-ps resolution (Fig. 12). We have reported recently that the introduction of rotational orientation (Section D above) to the diffraction in real time can provide a three-dimensional image of the structure, instead of the conventional two-... 

Sensors for the detection of enantiomers are of great interest, as so far the on-line monitoring of production processes and medical diagnostics using standard chemical analytical methods is not possible. Quite often only one enantiomer of a chiral compound is actually a bioactive therapeutic. Therefore a proper analysis of the final product is essential. Currently, this involves separation techniques like liquid chromatography, GC and capillary electrophoresis, and determination of enantiomeric purity with circular dichro-ism and specific rotation. These are all off-line procedures and therefore no real-time analysis can be performed. Sensing devices for the distinction of different enantiomers would be a much cheaper, faster and easier-to-use alternative for this task, amenable to automation. 

Procedure for Examination of Ruled Disk. Since the lines on the ruled disk are straight and not concentric arcs about the center of the rotor, the sharpest image of the lines is obtained with a stationary rotor. The disk in its holder was placed in the rotor, which was coupled to the drive. The correct orientation of the lines, perpendicular to a radius of the rotor, was accomplished by rotating the disk holder to give the sharpest line edges as examined on the monitor in real time (see Figure 3). The camera lens was focused to produce the sharpest line images. 

Shaped pulses are created from text files that have a line-by-line description of the amplitude and phase of each of the component rectangular pulses. These files are created by software that calculates from a mathematical shape and a frequency shift (to create the phase ramp). There are hundreds of shapes available, with names like Wurst , Sneeze , Iburp , and so on, specialized for all sorts of applications (inversion, excitation, broadband, selective, decoupling, peak suppression, band selective, etc.). The software sets the maximum RF power level of the shape at the top of the curve, so that the area under the curve will correspond to the approximately correct pulse rotation desired (90°, 180°, etc.). When an experiment is started, this list is loaded into the memory of the waveform generator (Varian) or amplitude setting unit (Bruker), and when a shaped pulse is called for in the pulse sequence, the amplitudes and phases are set in real time as the individual rectangular pulses are executed. 

In summary, we have shown that the stability of binding sites, diffusion and rotational barriers can be extracted straightforwardly from real time variable temperature STM experiments. Moreover, we... 

---