Reaction equations for

A further indication of the poor standard of information in a reaction equation is that the plus +) symbol is used in a reaction equation for two entirely different purposes (Figure 3-2). 

The evolution of caibon dioxide essentially follows the stoichiometiy of acid—base reactions. Baking soda determines the amount of carbon dioxide evolved, whereas the type of acid controls the speed of hberation. The reaction equations for some acids with baking soda ate as follows ... 

Sodium hydrosulfite or sodium dithionate, Na2S204, under alkaline conditions are powerful reducing agents the oxidation potential is +1.12 V. The reduction of -phenylazobenzenesulfonic acid with sodium hydrosulfite in alkaline solutions is first order with respect to -phenylazobenzenesulfonate ion concentration and one-half order with respect to dithionate ion concentration (135). The SO 2 radical ion is a reaction intermediate for the reduction mechanisms. The reaction equation for this reduction is... 

A bacterium is grown aerobically with glucose as sole source of carbon and ammonium ions as nitrogen source. Experimental analysis shows that six moles of glucose are utilised for each mole of biomass produced. Write the reaction equation for growth if the elemental composition of the cells is CHi,666 CW Nojd. 

A variant of the common Langmuir type models is obtained if it is assumed that both alkene molecules are chemisorbed (Langmuir adsorption) on the same active center. If it is further assumed that there are two different adsorption steps, the following set of reaction equations for the initial stages of the metathesis of propene is obtained ... 

Taking the electrochemical stoichiometry into account, the complete reaction equation for the polymerization of a species HMH is ... 

The proposed Re6 cluster (8) with terminal and bridged-oxygen atoms acts as a catalytic site for selective propene oxidation under a mixture of propene, Oz and NH3. When the Re6 catalyst is treated with propene and Oz at 673 K, the cluster is transformed back to the inactive [Re04] monomers (7), reversibly. This is the reason why the catalytic activity is lost in the absence of ammonia (Table 8.5). Note that NH3, which is not involved in the reaction equation for the acrolein formation (C3H6+02->CH2=CHCH0+H20) is a prerequisite for the catalytic reaction as it produces the active cluster structure under the catalytic reaction conditions. 

The gross reaction equation for the preparation of Copper Phthalocyanine Blue from phthalic anhydride and urea may be written as follows ... 

Ideal stoichiometric reaction equations for, respectively, synthesis gas, hydrogen-rich gas and methane-rich gas production by gasification are given by reactions (1) to (3) ... 

The diffusion-reaction equation for the pair distribution function g(r,t) of the reactants, which react with a rate constant which at any r is k(r), is given by (29-32)... 

Salen stands for the tetradentate, dianionic ligands bis(salicylidene)-ethylenediamines (not the formal name either ), which form extremely stable complexes with a large variety of metals. Their basic structure and the simplified reaction equation for epoxidation is given in Figure 14.9. 

Rast method analy chem The melting-point depression method often used for the determination of the molecular weight of organic compounds. rast. meth-od rate constant physchem Numerical constant in a rate-of-reaction equation for example, = feCaACbBCcC, where and Cc are reactant concentrations, k is the... 

The second way to write the diffusion equations for a multispecies component is to write the diffusion-reaction equation for each species. Starting from Equation 3-5b, the diffusion-reaction equation for each species is... 

Write a defect reaction equation for the substitution of a CaCl2 molecule into a KCl lattice. 

Solution There are actually two ways that CaCl2 can be placed in the KCl lattice substitutionally and interstitially. The defect reaction equation for substitution is... 

Here is a simplified reaction equation for the combustion of gunpowder ... 

Here s a summary of the method for balancing a redox reaction equation for a reaction under acidic conditions (excess H+) (see the next section for details on balancing a reaction under basic conditions) ... 

Here are representative reaction equations for zero-order, first-order, and second-order reactions (where the brackets stand for molar concentration) ... 

Table 23. Reaction equations for the production of iron oxide pigments...

Write a balanced half-reaction equation for the oxidation of Mo3+ t0 MoO in acid solution... 

Write balanced ionic half-reaction equations for the oxidation of each of the following reducing agents in acid solution. 

The theoretical results obtained for outer-sphere electron transfer based on self-exchange reactions provide the essential background for discussing the interplay between theory and experiment in a variety of electron transfer processes. The next topic considered is outer-sphere electron transfer for net reactions where AG O and application of the Marcus cross reaction equation for correlating experimental data. A consideration of reactions for which AG is highly favorable leads to some peculiar features and the concept of electron transfer in the inverted region and, also, excited state decay. 

Derive the porous pellet diffusion reaction equations for a consecutive reaction network... 

Mathematically, this case is described by the set of second-order partial differential equations, which are usually solved numerically. The general unidirectional (in the x-coordinate) diffusion-reaction equation for any species i, is... 

As a rule, hydrogen ion is involved not only in the pH-dependency of the reaction term (Thiele modulus) but also as the actively participating species involved in the acid-base equilibrium of all the substrates, reaction intermediates, products, and even the gel matrix. Furthermore, enzymatic reactions are always carried out in the presence of the mobile buffer. By mobile we mean a weak acid or a weak base that can move in and out of the reaction layer, as opposed to the fixed buffer represented by the gel (and by the protein) itself. Thus, we have to include the normalized diffusion-reaction equations for hydrogen ion and for the buffer. 

In this section, only the important differences resulting from the optical detection are highlighted. The optimum conditions for the operation of optical enzyme sensors, particularly the thickness of the enzyme layer, could be found again by solving the set of diffusion-reaction equations for a given geometry. There is, however, an... 

The enantiomeric excess of substrate and product shifts during the course of a kinetic resolution, making the determination of the efficiency of the reaction dependent on the reaction time. Hence, two kinetic resolutions can only be compared at the same extent of conversion [45, 62]. For a better comparison of two reactions, equations for the calculation of the enantioselectivity were established [63, 64]. In most cases, the enantiomeric excess of both substrate and product is determined for greater accuracy, but the determination of one and the conversion can also be used for the calculation of the E value (enantioselectivity) ... 

Since, as already described, Fe(CO)s reacts to give (NH FelCO) ] and CO(NHt)z, the complete reaction equation for Fe3(CO)12 and liquid NH3 after 14 days of reaction can be described by the following ... 

The above analysis and Fig. 19-25 provide a theoretical foundation similar to the Thiele-modulus effectiveness factor relationship for fluid-solid systems. However, there are no generalized closed-form expressions of E for the more general case ofa complex reaction network, and its value has to be determined by solving the complete diffusion-reaction equations for known intrinsic mechanism and kinetics, or alternatively estimated experimentally. 

A more complex reaction equation for this system is given in the following equation (equation 2). 

Discussion Point DP6 Alternative reaction sequences for the release of unsaturated chain ends from a catalyst centre are represented in Figure 20. Determine for each of these sequences how the termination rate Vt depends on the monomer concentration. Write reaction equations for several alternative chain-release and re-start reactions mentioned in Section 7.4.4. Can you think of polymerization systems for which increased ethylene concentrations might lead to polymers with reduced molar mass ... 

It encompasses work published up to early 1990.150 different pyrolysis reactions are classified — a detailed discussion of each work is not intended. Instead — if reported in the original pubUcation — the temperature of pyrolysis, pressure, and yield of the reactions are listed in the reaction equations. For some interesting cases by-products that have been characterized are listed as well. By this treatment the scope of the sulfone pyrolysis becomes obvious. 

FIGURE 81 The reaction container (10 mm i.d.) and the reaction equations for boron sulfides-assisted synthesis of matel polysulfides and sulfides xB(s) + yS(g) oBjSjtg) bBS2(g) + cS(g) m(metal oxide)(s) + t7B2S3(g) + bBS2(g) + cS(g) p(metal sulfide)(s) -qB203(v). The (s) stood for vitreous state. Reprinted with permission from Wu and Seo (2004). Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society. 

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