Acids baking with

Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHC03 (sodium bicarbonate), is commonly called bicarbonate of soda or baking soda. The rising action of baking soda in batter depends on the reaction of a weak acid, HA, with the hydrogen carbonate ions ... 

There are reactive softeners, some of which are N-methylol derivatives of long-chain fatty amides (10.241) while others are triazinyl compounds (10.242). The N-methylol compounds require baking with a latent acid catalyst to effect reaction, whereas dichloro-triazines require mildly alkaline fixation conditions. The N-methylol compounds are sometimes useful for combination with crease-resist, durable-press, soil-release and water-repellent finishes. In this context, the feasibility of using silane monomers such as methyltri-ethoxysilane (10.243), vinyltriethoxysilane (10.244), vinyl triace tylsilane (10.245) and epoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (10.246) in crosslinking reactions to give crease-resist properties and softness simultaneously has been investigated [492]. 

A similar study of the dye Cl Sulphur Orange 1, obtained by heating 2,4-diaminotoluene with sulphur led to the isolation of compound 6.136 after reaction of the alkali melt of the dye with chloroacetic acid. It was concluded that the commercial dye is a polybenzothiazole. The final hue of the product depends on the temperature and the duration of the sulphurisation the use of a smaller proportion of sulphur produces Cl Sulphur Brown 10. A similar product (Cl Sulphur Brown 8) is obtained when 2,4-dinitrotoluene is baked with sodium polysulphide. A brown sulphur dye of high fastness to light (Cl Sulphur Brown 52) results when the polycyclic hydrocarbon decacyclene (6.137) is baked with sulphur at 350 °C [57]. 

The baking process has remained much the same until the present day at a stoichiometric ratio of 1 4, phthalic anhydride or phthalic acid reacts with an ammonia releasing compound. The reaction may also start from other suitable materials, such as phthalic acid derivatives, including phthalic acid esters, phthalic acid diamide, or phthalimide. Appropriate ammonia releasing agents include urea and its derivatives, such as biuret, guanidine, and dicyanodiamide. The fact that a certain amount of urea decomposes to form side products makes it necessary to use excess urea. Approximately 0.2 to 0.5, preferably 0.25 equivalents of copper salt should be added for each mole of phthalic anhydride. 0.1 to 0.4 moles of molybdenum salt per mole of phthalic anhydride is sufficient. The reaction temperature is between 200 and 300°C. 

Sulfonation is effected (1) with ordinary concentrated sulfuric acid (66°B6) (2) with 100 per cent sulfuric acid (3) with fuming sulfuric acid (oleum), with the concentration of SO3 varying from 5 to 70 per cent (4) widi chlorosulfom c acid, with or without diluent or (5) by baking (dry heating) the acid sulfate of an amine, often in vacuum. 

Baked whole-wheat bread Baked with ascorbic acid 7.9% whole wheat 55Fe, 9.0% 59Fe tag Baked with 50 mg ascorbic acid 6 6% wheat iron 10 0% extrinsic tag No change Intrinsic- extrinsic (human) 24... 

When one part of toluene-2 4-diamine is baked with 2 to 4 parts of sulphur at a temperature between 190 and 250 C (374 to 482 F) for 15 to 24 hours, and the crude product is extracted with aqueous caustic soda or sodium sulphide, a sulphur dye known as Immedial Orange C (C.I. SULPHUR ORANGE 1) is extracted. The dye, when heated with an alkali, yields an ortho-aminothiol which can be isolated in a pure state in the form of its lactam after it has been treated with chloracetic acid, and it has been established that it has the structure shown in (2). 

Now the equation tells us that mixing an aqueous solution of acetic acid (vinegar) with solid sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) results in the formation of an aqueous solution of sodium acetate, liquid water, and carbon dioxide gas. If you had examined this equation before you mixed vinegar and baking soda, you could have predicted that bubbles would form. 

Aromatic bases such as the toluidines, xylidines, chloroanilines, 1-naphthyl-amine, benzidine, and tertiary amines can be simply converted into their sulfonic acids by heating ( baking ) with ammonium hydrogen sulfate. This method has the advantage over normal sulfonation by sulfuric acid that exactly theoretical amounts can be used so that no higher sulfonation product is obtained. Further, isomers are rarely obtained, since the sulfo group almost always enters exclusively at the /rara-position or, if that is occupied, at the or/Ao-position, and never at the meta-position. 

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