Re-Butylamine

Accordingly, the highest yields were those obtained using re-butylamine (143). 

The alumina or silica-alumina supports used in bifunctional catalysts have been shown to be acidic in nature. The acidic properties are readily demonstrated by the affinity of these solids for adsorption of basic compounds such as ammonia, trimethylamine, re-butylamine, pyridine, and quinoline (01, R5). Furthermore, adsorption of certain acid-base indicators such as butter yellow gives a coloration similar to that observed in acid media (B3, B4). With regard to the origin of the acidity, Tamele (Tl) has suggested in the case of silica-alumina that aluminum atoms replace silicon atoms in the surface of the silica structure, giving rise to surface sites of the form... 

The reactions of phenyl-, i-butyl- and fluoroboron-capped hexachloride iron(II) precursors with aliphatic amines proceeded under steady-state conditions of the solvent, temperature, and reaction time to produce clathrochelates of only one type irrespective of the nature of the substituent at the boron atom (Scheme 18). Therefore, the reactions of the phenylboronic Fe(Cl2Gm)3(BC6H5)2 precursor were studied. The reaction of precursor with n.-butylamine in DMF, benzene, THF, and /i-butylamine as the solvent led to the formation of only tetrasubstituted clathrochelate, whereas the reaction in chloroform unexpectedly resulted in trisubstituted clathrochelate, which underwent further functionalization in DMF with re-butylamine and cyclohexylamine but did not react with diethylamine (Scheme 18). 

The reaction of phenylboronic precursor with primary alicyclic cyclohexylamine in DMF and CHCI3 also led to the formation of tetra-and trisubstituted clathrochelates, respectively (Scheme 19). Trisubstituted clathrochelate underwent further functionalization in DMF with an excess of re-butylamine and aliphatic diamine (cadaverine). Thus, the overall reaction pathway in the previously mentioned reactions with primary sterically unhindered aliphatic amines involved a stepwise substitution in two of the three dichloroglyoximate fragments of hexachloride clathrochelates [69]. 

The reaction of Ru(C12Gm)3(BC6H5)2 precursor with a 15% excess of re-butylamine (calculated from a tetrasubstituted clathrochelate) in DMF at 0°C for 2 h resulted solely in trisubstituted clathrochelate, and the substitution took place in two of the three dioximate fragments (Scheme 31). To produce tetrasubstituted product, a twofold excess of re-butylamine was used, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 h at room temperature. An unexpected result was obtained when DMF was replaced by chloroform the interaction of Ru(C12Gm)3(BC6H5)2 with re-butylamine both at room temperature and with a prolonged stirring at 50-r60°C yielded only one trisubstituted product [78],... 

Angelici and Brink (40) have found that in the reactions of amine with trans-M(CO),(PPhMe2)2+ (M = Mn or Re), the rate of carbamoyl formation follows the order, n-butylamine > cyclohexyl-amine >, isopropylamine > sec-butylamine >> tert-butylamine, implying a strong steric effect in carbamoyl formation. A similar order has been observed in the rate of reaction of organic esters with amines to form amides (41). The data in Table III indicate that a steric effect may be operative in the Ru (CO) /NR3-catalyzed WGSR, since with tertiary amines the rate follows the order, NMeQ > MeNC.H > NEt > NBu0, which does not reflect the basicity of these amines. 

Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, homogeneous, optically isotropic solutions comprised of a mixture of water, hydrocarbons and amphiphilic compoxmds. The microemulsions are usually four- or three-component systems consisting of surfactant and cosurfactant (termed as emulsifier), oil and water. The cosurfactants are either lower alkanols (like butanol, propanol and hexanol) or amines (Hke butylamine, hexylamine). Microemulsions are often called swollen micelles (Fig. 3) and swollen re-... 

Rate and equilibrium constants have been reported for the reactions of butylamine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine with trinitrobenzene, ethyl 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ether, and phenyl 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ether in acetonitrile, hi these reactions, leading to cr-adduct formation and/or nucleophilic substitution, proton transfer may be rate limiting. Comparisons with data obtained in DMSO show that, while equilibrium constants for adduct formation are lower in acetonitrile, rate constants for proton transfer are higher. This probably reflects the stronger hydrogen bonding between DMSO and NH+ protons in ammonium ions and in zwitterions.113 Reaction of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene with indole-3-carboxylate ions in methanol has been shown to yield the re-complex (26), which is the likely precursor of nitrogen- and carbon-bonded cr-adducts expected from the reaction.114 There is evidence for the intermediacy of adducts similar to (27) from the reaction of methyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate with l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-8-ene (DBU) cyclization eventually yields 2-aminoindole derivatives.115... 

Phosphorsaure-dianhydrid-Pl,P 1-dinucleosidester (Triphosphorsaure-P, P -dinucleosidester 48-51%) werden durch Umsetzung von Thiophosphorsaure-anhydrid-P 1-0-nucleosidester-P2-S-phenylestern mit Phosphorsau-re-mononucleosidestern und Butylamin in Formamid und anschlieBend mit Jod in Pyridin erhalten415 ... 

RE = Rare earth element Fig. 2.20 Two processes for tert-butylamine. 

In the polymerization of the mixture of R and S antipodes of valine NCA (8, R = CH(CH3)2) initiated by butylamine in N,N-dimethylformamide and in 1,2-dichloroethane, the optical rotation of the polymer in trifluoroacetic acid scarcely varied at any conversion as shown in F. 18 (52), in clear contrast to the cases of alanine NCA and -y-benzyl glutamate NCA. Fi re 18 im dies that the content of antipodal residues of the polymer chains is constant throughout the reaction. As seen in F. 19, the plot of the optical rotation of the polymer against the S content of feed monomer gives a strait line, independent of the conversion, a fact which confirms that the S content of the polymers is equal to that of the feed monomers, even at half conversion. 

Transformation of 2,2 -dimethyl-l,3-propanediol yielded the corresponding diamine (70%) and the intermediate amino alcohol (7%) with 75% conversion (Figure 2). Temperatures above 210 °C were detrimental to diamine selectivity because of /5 o-butylamine formation by re/ro-aldol or retro-formylation reactions (Scheme 7). In the other two substrates, whieh have an H atom in C2 position, direct elimination of water to form a reactive allylic alcohol (or a,j0-unsaturated ketone or amine) was the major side-reaction which reduced selectivity. 

The first trials, r eaction with different catalysts under soft conditions, for example, at 80°C (the boiling point of butylamine), were not successful. The final optimized operating conditions must work under pressure (3 bar) at 140/200°C without catalyst, with a molar ratio of 1 36 (epoxidized HOSME/butylamine) for 3 h. The re-... 

---