Ratio iodine

Category Drug example Iodine content (mg/ml) Ratio iodine atoms to numb of ions Osmolality (mOsmol/kg H2O) Number of times more osmolar than blood Viscosity (cP,at37°C)... 

Isolation of anionics and nonionics for IR analysis Silica Gel F-60, activated at 80- C for 5 min CHCl3/MeOH, various ratios Iodine vapor 139,140... 

The dichromate ion oxidises iron(II) to iron(III), sulphite to sulphate ion, iodide ion to iodine and arsenic(III) to arsenic(V) (arsenate). Reduction of dichromate by sulphite can be used to prepare chrome alum, since, if sulphur dioxide is passed into potassium dichromate acidified with sulphuric acid, potassium and chromium(III) ions formed are in the correct ratio to form the alum, which appears on crystallisation ... 

To decide which component should be employed for the calculation of the yield of ethyl iodide, the weights of the reactants are first divided by the appropriate atomic or molecular weight in order to obtain the number of gram atoms or gram mols actually used. The equation shows that the alcohol and iodine react in the ratio of 5 5 or 1 1. Inspection of the results clearly shows that the alcohol is present in about 20 per... 

Many artificial (likely radioactive) isotopes can be created through nuclear reactions. Radioactive isotopes of iodine are used in medicine, while isotopes of plutonium are used in making atomic bombs. In many analytical applications, the ratio of occurrence of the isotopes is important. For example, it may be important to know the exact ratio of the abundances (relative amounts) of the isotopes 1, 2, and 3 in hydrogen. Such knowledge can be obtained through a mass spectrometric measurement of the isotope abundance ratio. 

Health and Safety Factors. Fluorocarbons containing bromine or iodine are more toxic than the corresponding chloro compounds. When the ratio of the fluorine to other halogens is high, the toxicity can be quite low, especially for bromofluorocarbons. Perfluoro-l-bromooctane [423-55-2] has an LD q of greater than 64 mL/kg when adininistered into the gastrointestinal tract, and has Htde effect when instilled into the lungs (49). Other examples are included in Table 7. 

Thyroid Hormones. Iodine, absorbed as P, is oxidized in the thyroid and bound to a thyroglobulin. The resultant glycoprotein, mol wt 670,000, contains 120 tyrosine residues of which ca two-thirds are available for binding iodine in several ways. Proteolysis introduces the active hormones 3,5,3 -triiodothyronine (T ) and 3,5,3, 5 -tetraiodothyronine (T, (thyroxine) in the ratio Ty.T of 4 1 (121,122). 

The quahty of sulfonic acids produced as iatermediates on an iadustrial scale is important to detergent manufacturers. Parameters such as color, water, free oil (unsulfonated material), and acid value (actual sulfonic acid) are all factors that determine the quaUty of a sulfonic acid. The quaUty of the feedstock prior to sulfonation, such as iodine value, water content, and sulfonatabiUty, affects the quaUty of the sulfonic acid produced. Sulfonation conditions, such as temperature, molar ratio, rate, etc, also affect the quaUty of sulfonic acid. 

CgH Cl, is produced commercially in the Hquid phase by passing chlorine gas into benzene in the presence of molybdenum chloride at 30—50°C and atmospheric pressure. This continuous process yields a 14 1 ratio of chlorobenzene to j -dicblorobenzene [106-46-7J, The reaction of iodine with... 

In the hquid-phase chlorination, 1,3-dichlorobenzene is found only in a small quantity, and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene are undetectable. The ratios of 1,4- to 1,2-dichlorobenzene with various catalysts are shown in Table 3. Iodine plus antimony trichloride is effective in selectively chlorinating 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (22), however, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene is of limited commercial significance. 

A purified fatty acid is recommended for the preparation of a pure a-sulfo acid. Purified palmitic acid (m.p. 60.8-61.4°, neutralization equivalent 256.2) is prepared by twice recrystallizing a good commercial grade of palmitic acid from acetone at 0°, using a solvent ratio of 10 ml. to 1 g. However, the reaction may be applied to commercial saturated higher fatty acids, if the iodine number is sufficiently low. The checkers obtained similar results with recrystaUized Neo-Fat 1-56 (Armour and Company, Chicago, 111.) or Eastman white label palmitic acid. 

An excess of lead tetraacetate is used in each case. Best results are obtained when the molar ratios of substrate iodine lead tetraacetate are kept around... 

Note 2. The molar ratios of lead tetraacetate iodine substate are 5.3 1.8 1. These ratios can be lowered and similar results obtained with ratios around 3 1.2 1. Excess iodine and lead tetraacetate react under the influence of light and heat to give methyl iodide and carbon dioxide. 

Note I. The ratio of lead tetraacetate iodine substrate is 2.85 1.31 1. A minimal amount of 1 mole of iodine per mole of substrate is necessary cf. procedure below). 

The molecular uniformity of constituting components of a nb/lcb glucan fraction of potato starch was investigated with Sepharose CL 2B (Fig. 16.16) as well as with Sephacryl S-1000 (Fig. 16.17). Therefore, each of the subsequently eluted 3-ml fractions was analyzed on their potential to form inclusion complexes with iodine, a sensitive test for the presence of nb/lcb glucans. Results are shown in Fig. 16.17 in terms of branching index, the ratio of extinction of pure iodine solution and of nb/lcb glucan/iodine complex the higher the index, the more pronounced the nb/lcb characteristics. 

All diaziridines which contain at least one NH-group give, with chloral, w ell crystallized addition products in molar ratio l ." The adducts liberate tw-o equivalents of iodine and thus retain the CNN three-membered ring [Eq. (38)]. By treatment with alkali the chloro-... 

Crystalline triose reductone has been shown (56) by titration with strong base and with iodine, to exist in solution, for practical purposes, entirely as the enol form. In addition, the fact that it reduces exactly three molar equivalents of periodate to give quantitative yields of formic acid and of carbon dioxide indicates that it is also oxidized entirely in this form. However, nothing is known of the rate of enolization of tartronic dialdehyde and the possibility therefore remains that part of it may be oxidized in the dialdehydo form. If this were the case, the results of periodate oxidations would be dependent on the ratio of the rate of enolization of tartronic dialdehyde to the rate of its oxidation by periodate, since the oxidation of triose reductone is, again, for practical purposes, instantaneous. 

For substituted anilines (Thompson and Williams, 1977) and for 1-naphthylamine and a series of derivatives thereof (Castro et al., 1986a), k2 and the ratio Ar 2/Ar3 have been determined for nucleophilic catalysis with Cl-, Br-, SCN-, and SC(NH2)2. The values of k2 correspond fairly well to those found for the diazotization of aniline, but those of Ar 2/Ar3 increase markedly in the above sequence (Table 3-1). As k3 is expected to be independent of the presence of Cl- or Br- and to show little dependence on that of SCN- or thiourea, the increase in k 2/k3 for this series must be due mainly to 2. Indeed, the value of log(Ar 2/Ar3) shows a linear correlation with Pearson s nucleophilicity parameter n (Pearson et al., 1968). This parameter is based on nucleophilic substitution of iodine (as I-) in methyl iodide by various nucleophiles. The three investigations on nucleophilic catalysis of diazotization demonstrate that Pearson s criteria for bimolecular nucleophilic substitution at sp3 carbon atoms are also applicable to substitution at nitrogen atoms. 

When iodine is the reagent, the ratio between the reactants is very important and determines the products. A 1 1 ratio of salt to iodine gives the alkyl halide, as above. A 2 1 ratio, however, gives the ester RCOOR. This is called the Simonini reaction and is sometimes used to prepare carboxylic esters. The Simonini reaction can also be carried out with lead salts of acids." A more convenient way to perform the Hunsdiecker reaction is by use of a mixture of the acid and mercuric oxide instead of the salt, since the silver salt must be very pure and dry and such pure silver salts are often not easy to prepare. 

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