Ratio control costs

The distribution of the return water among several cooling tower cells can satisfy the dual goals of sending a preset percentage to each and to do that at a minimum pumping cost. The second goal is served by the valve position controller (VPC), which increases the measurement of all flow ratio controllers (FFICs) until the most open valve opens to 90%. 

UHt4il To evaluate impact of clinical pharmacy service on hospital costs using cost-benefit analysis CBA Historical control Cost of providing service DCA Cost benefit ratios 1.08 and 1.59 for 2 ward-based groups Clinical outcomes not considered... 

Clinical outcomes not considered mentioned but did not quantify labor cost associated with program mentioned but did not calculate ratio Input costs not considered no control group clinical outcomes not considered Clinical outcomes not considered useful model for justification of program provided outcomes considered... 

Some want to reduce costs of regeneration by using parallel burners in air and exhaust gas modes. Because of nonuniform packing of heat exchange materials, however, airflows and exhaust gas flows of regenerative burners are not identical, so each burner must have its own air/fuel ratio control and its own exhaust gas control system to provide near-maximum combustion efficiency. 

The dielectric synthetic elastomers were studied in multi-stacked configuration. In addition to relative simplicity, it produces notably high strain. In order to control it, a PWM-PID controller was designed. The designed actuator has very high force-to-weight ratio, is cost effective and easy to fabricate. Furthermore, it serves as a biomimetic actuator due to soft musclelike characteristics. 

In other words, it is probable that any damage to agricultural output is mostly caused by emissions within the country suffering the damage. It is probable that all Member States, with the possible exception of Ireland, experience crop yield effects, and so these observations have relatively wide application across the Community. However, quite obviously, the degree to which different Member States are affected will vary considerably and so will the ratio of costs of emissions control to agricultural benefits derived from control strategies. 

The S/C ratio of the cracking reactors, which were regenerated by carbon gasification with steam, amounted to 3.0 [442]. Calculations revealed that the lowest efficiency was achieved with the autothermal reformer coupled to the adiabatic medium temperature water-gas shift reactor. The fuel cracker was best in terms of efficiency, water management, volume and weight, but lowest in terms of controllability, cost, emissions, dynamics and operability [442]. 

Sometimes the heat flow in the reboUer of a distillation column is a degree of freedom for consideration. This heat flow has to be approximately proportional to the feed flow. This points at using a ratio control between the feed and the heat flow to the reboiler. This ratio can be a function of the pressure in the column (affecting the separation) and specific costs. 

It should be noted that many existing side-draw columns have neither composition controls nor ratio controls. In some cases the purge flows are so small that the loss of product in them is deemed negligible. In view of the rising cost of energy, however, many columns can make good use of steam/feed ratio controls. 

In agriculture, the average benefit/cost ratio from insecticide use ranges from 3 to 5 return for every 1 invested by the farmer(s). There are many examples where the return is much greater. In California, treatment of sugarbeets with granular phorate systemic insecticide to control the aphid and... 

In general, similarity or general cost ratios estimates are used for developing screening estimates when an estimate is required quickly and a limited accuracy is acceptable. Detailed cost ratios or detailed labor and materials estimates are generally developed prior to actual appropriation of funds to develop a better estimate for budgeting and cost control purposes. 

Other techniques include oxidative, steam atmosphere (33), and molten salt (34) pyrolyses. In a partial-air atmosphere, mbber pyrolysis is an exothermic reaction. The reaction rate and ratio of pyrolytic filler to ok products are controlled by the oxygen flow rate. Pyrolysis in a steam atmosphere gives a cleaner char with a greater surface area than char pyroly2ed in an inert atmosphere however, the physical properties of the cured compounded mbber are inferior. Because of the greater surface area, this pyrolytic filler could be used as activated carbon, but production costs are prohibitive. Molten salt baths produce pyroly2ed char and ok products from tine chips. The product characteristics and quantities depend on the salt used. Recovery of char from the molten salt is difficult. 

In most ores, sufficient Fe is already present. For some ores, it is necessary to add metallic iron. In practice, the oxidation potential of the solution can be monitored and controlled using the Fe /Fe ratio. Very high leaching efficiencies with H2SO ate common, eg, 95—98% dissolution yield of uranium (39). If acid consumption exceeds 68 kg/1 of ore treated, alkaline leaching is preferred. The comparative costs of acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate differ widely in different areas and are the determining factor. 

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