Dual goals

In 1982 a study of the usefulness of DBBF in the production of a blood substitute was reported (99). A single modification achieved the dual goals of reduced oxygen affinity and restricted tetramer—dimer dissociation. This work was confirmed in 1987 (98). The product, called aa-hemoglobin, was formulated in Ringer s lactate. P q under physiologic conditions is 3.7 kPa (28.0 torr). Hill s parameter is 2.2, and the Bohr effect was reduced (100). Plasma retention was increased, and the product appeared to be less heterogeneous than some of the other derivatives under study. Its production was scaled up by Baxter Healthcare Corp., under contract to the U.S. Army. 

Interpretation is defined in subtly different ways but at core it is the process of explaining to people the significance of the place or culture they are visiting, with the dual goals of promoting appreciation and assisting conservation (Knudson et al.r 1995). In the model of place analysis outlined at the start of this chapter, interpretation is a key process that influences the... 

Ridker PM, Morrow DA, Rose LM, Rifai N, Cannon CR Braunwald E, Relative efficacy of atorvastatin 80 mg and pravastatin 40 mg in achieving the dual goals of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >70mg/dl and C-reactive protein >2mg/l an analysis of the PROVE-IT TIMI-22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 45 1644-1648. 

The distribution of the return water among several cooling tower cells can satisfy the dual goals of sending a preset percentage to each and to do that at a minimum pumping cost. The second goal is served by the valve position controller (VPC), which increases the measurement of all flow ratio controllers (FFICs) until the most open valve opens to 90%. 

The IND review is unique among the FDA s application review processes. In many respects, this process and the FDA s treatment of INDs represents a delicate balance between the federal government s responsibility to protect clinical trial subjects from unnecessary risks and its desire to avoid becoming an impediment to the advance of medical research. Given these dual goals, the FDA must perform a safety review of an IND prior to clinical trials, but has only 30 days in which to reach an initial determination on the filing. 

Table I. Dual Goals of Fungicide Resistance Management...

If we consider -faclor (defined as the mass ratio of waste to desired product) (4]. fine chemical processes arc "the dirtier one.s with -factors of the order of 5 50 kg waste per kg product, compared with values of I - 5 for bulk chemicals and 0,1 for refinery operations [5], Consequently, especially in the case of Fine Chemistry, there seems to be room for the design of more efficient and selective acid-base processes and acid-base catalysts achieving the dual goal of environmental protection and economic benefit involved in Sustainable/Oreen Chemistry concept [6). 

The utihzation of catalysis to achieve the goals of green chemistry has met with tremendous success [1]. Through the use of catalytic systems, the dual goals of attaining environmental and economic benefits simultaneously are being realized in apphcations ranging from very small-scale fine chemical synthesis to commodity petrochemical processes. 

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