Rat astrocytes

Isobe I, Michikawa M, Yanagisawa K. Enhancement of MTT, a tetrazolium salt, exocytosis by amyloid beta-protein and chloroquine in cultured rat astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 1999 266 129-132. 

The presence at the BBB of members of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRPs) family, whose members preferentially transport anionic compounds, is still controversial. The seven members of the MRP family belong, like P-gp, to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily. Mrpl has been found at the BBB in isolated rat brain capillaries, primary cultures of brain capillary endothelial cells and in immortalized capillary endothelial cells, but not in human brain capillaries [59]. Another member, MRP2 has been found at the luminal membrane of the brain endothelial cells [60]. However, further studies are required to show that there are MRP transporters at the BBB (Figure 15.5). As for P-gp, a functional Mrpl was found in primary cultured rat astrocytes [56] and it has been shown to take part in the release of glutathione disulfide from brain astrocytes under oxidative stress [61]. 

Decleves X, Regina A, Laplanche JL, Roux F, Boval B, Launay JM et al. Functional expression of P-glycoprotein and multidmg resistance-associated protein (MRP1) in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2000 60 594-601. 

Arima, H., Yamamoto, N., Sobue, K. etal. Hyperosmolar mannitol simulates expression of aquaporins 4 and 9 through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway in rat astrocytes. /. Biol. Chem. 278 44525-44534,... 

P. T. Ronaldson, M. Bendayan, D. Gingras, M. Piquette-Miller, and R. Bendayan. Cellular localization and functional expression of P-glycoprotein in rat astrocyte cultures. J. Neurochem. 89 788-800 (2004). 

Rat astrocytes and neurons express CYP17, synthesize DHEA from pregnenolone. Astrocytes metabolize DHEA to sex steroid hormones (Zwain and Yen, 1999). CYP17 expressed regionally in male and female avian brain (Matsunaga et al., 2001). 

Calabrese V, Ravagna A, Colombrita C, Guagliano E, Scapagnini G, Calvani M, Butterfield DA, Giuffrida Stella AM. 2005. Acetylcarnitine induces heme oxygenase in rat astrocytes and protects against oxidative stress Involvement of the transcription factor Nrf2. J Neurosci Res 79 509-521. 

Stanimirovic D. B., Ball R., and Durkin J. P. (1997). Stimulation of glutamate uptake and Na,K-ATPase activity in rat astrocytes exposed to ischemia-like insults. Glia 19 123-134. 

Itoh, T. et al., Cultured rat astrocytes give rise to neural stem cells, Neurochem. Res., 31, 1381, 2006. 

Quarta D, Ferrd S, Solinas M et al (2004) Opposite modulatory roles for adenosine Ai and A2A receptors on glutamate and dopamine release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. Effects of chronic caffeine exposure. J Neurochem 88 1151-8 Queiroz G, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Schobert A et al (1997) Release of ATP from cultured rat astrocytes elicited by glutamate receptor activation. Neuroscience 78 1203-8 Queiroz G, Diniz C, Go natives J (2002) Facilitation of noradrenaline release by adenosine A2A receptors in the epididymal portion and adenosine A2B receptors in the prostatic portion of the rat vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 448 45-50... 

NE also inhibits the I FNy-induced major histocompatibility (MHC) class II antigen expression in rat astrocytes, which is reduced by propranolol, but not by phentolamine or propranolol, suggesting that the effect of NE might be mediated through (32-adrenoreceptors (Frohman et al., 1988). 

Nakamura A, Johns EJ, Imaizumi A, Abe T, Kohsaka T (1998) Regulation of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-6 gene transcription by beta2-adrenoceptor in the rat astrocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 88 144-153. 

Crippa, D., Schenk, U., Francolini, M., Rosa, P., Verderio, C., Zonta, M., Pozzan, T., Matteoli, M., and Carmignoto, G. (2006). Synaptobrevin2-expressing vesicles in rat astrocytes Insights into molecular characterization, dynamics and exocytosis. J. Physiol. 570, 567-582. 

Pianet, I., Merle, M., Labouesse, J., Canioni, P. (1991). Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance of C6 glioma cells and rat astrocytes. Eur. J. Biochem. 195,87-95. 

II.1.1.1.2 Cocultures of Bovine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Rat Astrocytes 525... 

The passage of substances across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is regulated in the cerebral capillaries, which possess certain distinct different morphological and enzymatic properties compared with the capillaries of other organs. To provide an in vitro system with the functional characteristics of a BBB Cecchelli et al. (1999) developed an in vitro system with cloned bovine brain capillary endothelial cells on one side of a filter and rat astrocytes on the other side. 

Instead of using cococulteres with rat astrocytes, some laboratories are also using astrocytic conditioned medium in order to reinduce blood-brain barrier properties (Dehouck et al. 1994). They have found that induction does not require direct cell-cell interactions. 

Frizzo ME, Dall Onder LP, Dalcin KB, Souza DO (2004) Riluzole enhances glutamate uptake in rat astrocyte cultures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 24 123-128. 

Kitanaka 1-i, Hashimoto H, Sugimoto Y, Sawada M, Negidii M, Suzumura A, Manmoudii T, Ichikawa A, Bdba A. cDNA doning of a thronhoxane A receptor from rat astrocytes. Biodiim Biophys Acta 1995 1265 220-3... 

Guo H, Jin YX, Ishikawa M, Hnang YM, van der Meide PH, Link H, Xiao BG (1998) Regnlation of beta-chemokine mRNA expression in adult rat astrocytes by hpopolysaccharide, proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Scand J Immnnol 48 502-508. 

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