Range determination

Accuracy When spectral and chemical interferences are minimized, accuracies of 0.5-5% are routinely possible. With nonlinear calibration curves, higher accuracy is obtained by using a pair of standards whose absorbances closely bracket the sample s absorbance and assuming that the change in absorbance is linear over the limited concentration range. Determinate errors for electrothermal atomization are frequently greater than that obtained with flame atomization due to more serious matrix interferences. 

Larger particle sizes of each group are for 21.5 mm X 60 cm semipreparative and 55 or 108 mm X 60 cm preparative columns. Maximum separation range determined from estimated exclusion limits. 

Range the temperature difference between the warm water into the tower and the cold water out. The range determines the heat load on the tower, which in turn reflects the requirements of the cooling water service. The... 

The electrochemical stability range determines the usefulness of nonaqueous electrolytes for electrochemical studies as well as for applications. It indicates the absence of electrochemical oxidation or reduction of solvent or ions, and of faradaic current... 

Dynamic range Range determined by the number of bits in the output of the analog-to-digital converter represents the ratio between the largest and smallest signals observable in the digitized spectrum. 

The normal range should be established with samples obtained from an adequate sample of healthy persons of specified age and sex. The effect of physiological variables such as activity, eating, menstruation and pregnancy should be known. The confidence limits should be determined with the appropriate statistical tools. Normal ranges determined with hospital patients should be rejected (20 21). 

S ample loop volumes The volumes of the sample loops that store eluent from the first dimension and inject eluent into the second-dimension column system must be determined. The loop volume divided by the second-dimension elution time range determines the first-dimension flow rate in comprehensive 2DLC. If the dilution factor is small in the second column, a flow splitter can maintain a small loop volume even with a substantial flow rate from the first-dimension column. 

In either case, the information on the vibrational transition is contained in the energy difference between the excitation radiation and the inelastically scattered Raman photons. Consequently, the parameters of interest are the intensities of the lines and their position relative to the Rayleigh line, usually expressed in wavenumbers (cm 1). As the actually recorded emissions all are in the spectral range determined by the excitation radiation, Raman spectroscopy facilitates the acquisition of vibrational spectra through standard VIS and/or NIR spectroscopy. 

Ewing, M.B., Sanchez Ochoa, J.C. (2000) The vapour pressure of cyclohexane over the whole fluid range determined using comparative ebulliometry. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 32, 1157-1167. 

Figure 4 shows the concentration range determined for each investigated drug and metabolite in the surface and wastewaters collected in the Ebro River basin, and its comparison with the drug levels found in similar studies carried out in other locations of Spain [6, 7,12,13,19, 31-33] and in various countries of the American [5, 10, 15, 22, 23] and the European continents [8, 9, 11, 14, 16-18, 21, 24-30]. Drug residue levels found in influent and effluent wastewaters from the Ebro River basin were mostly between the minimum and maximum concentrations described for these compounds in the peer-reviewed literature. Only, few compounds, e.g.,... 

In a similar study, Khor and Das Sarma studied the diffusion of Si, Si2 and Si3 on the (001), (011), and (111) surfaces of silicon. In their study, the forces on all of the atoms were determined by the Stillinger-Weber potential. For single atoms on all surfaces, they report an upper bound for diffusion of 4.8 X 10 cm /sec at 1600K. This value is significantly less than both the range determined by NoorBatcha of 2.031 x 10" to 15.8 x 10" cm /sec ", and the experimental estimate of 10 cm /sec. They also report that diatomic Si2 molecules diffuse more readily than single atoms on the Si(l 11) surface. 

Threshold concentrations for Ct+ alkenes are in the parts-per-hundred-million to parts-per-million range. Determination of their gas-phase concentration is required for assessing their contribution to atmospheric organic aerosol. 

Data for five cultivars adapted from Elzen et range. "Determined by the methods of Elzen et al. (14) tii) and given ... 

Nevertheless, even if the accuracy of the gradient methods is slightly lower than with isocratic conditions [105], it offers the ability to extend lipophUicity range determination without too high a loss in resolution. Therefore, it was recommended to preferentially use isocratic mode for expected log P between 0 to 4 and to use gradient mode for more lipophilic compounds [105]. 

Depth of in situ applications is limited to 18 inches. Other soil parameters, such as pH, temperature and moisture, and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels must be kept within ranges determined during treatability studies,. 

Leroux, B. Yanofsky, M.F. Winans, S.C. Ward, J.E. Ziegler, S.E Nester, E.W. Characterization of the virA locus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens a transcriptional regulator and host range determinant. EMBO J., 6, 849-856 (1987)... 

The range determined by r < Xce, where the close proximity of the nucleons and their spacetime curvature affects the local gravitation attractive force, making G n =/( ) valid. 

The range determined by Qro > r > Xce, where antigravitational, or repulsive, force develops as a result of the influence of the nucleus with electrons, making G valid. 

The range determined by r > Qro, returns us to the familiar form of the gravitational attractive force that exists between atoms and molecules. This range is beyond the effect of local spacetime curvature on G caused by the nucleons. 

The application of electro-optic polymer materials to practical devices will require some significant advances in the development of the materials. The primary advance required is the achievement of suitable thermal stability of the poled state over temperature ranges determined by fabrication, assembly, and end use requirements. Table in illustrates some of the temperatures and conditions under which a poled polymer must remain poled to within a few percent of its initial value over the life of a device. 

The width of the linear dynamic range determines the magnitude of dilutions needed for accurate sample analysis and affects each analyte s PQL. 

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