Radio. Paul

Low susceptibility to reef fishes in Florida and produces secondary metabolites (Paul and Hay 1986). Specimens from Radio Is., North Carolina Pachydictyol A inhibits the fish Diplodus holbrooki. This compound and dictyol B inhibit the sea urchin A. punctulata (Hay et al. 1987) both compounds from North Carolina also inhibit the fish A. rhomboides (Hay et al. 1988b)... 

De Paul, S.M., Ernst, M., Shore, J.S., Stebbins, J.F., and Pines, A. (1997) Cross-polarization from quadrupolar nuclei to silicon using low-radio-frequency amplitudes during magic-angle spinning. /. Phys. 

Paul Scherrer Institut, Labor fiir Radio- und Umweltchemie 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland e-mail margit.schwikowski psi.ch... 

Storage has mainly been achieved in four types of traps (11 the radio frequency or Paul trap (2) the Penning trap (3) the Kingdon electrostatic trap and (4) the magnetostatic (magnetic bottle) trap. The principles, advanlages, and disadvantages of these traps are detailed by DJ. Wineland (Science, 226, 395-400, Oct. 26, 1984). 

In a quadrupole device, not as accurate and precise as double-focusing instruments but fast, a quadrupolar electrical field comprising radio-frequency (RF) and direct-current components is used to separate ions. Quadrupole instruments as mass analyzers are used together with ESI as the ion source the configuration employing a three-dimensional quadrupolar RF electric field (Wolfgang Paul, University of Bonn, 1989 Nobel prize for physics) is referred to as an ion trap analyzer (see below). 

In a report prepared for the University of Michigan s Institute of Social Research, Paul Hirsch described the product of Adorno s Radio Research Project. (20) According to Hirsch, the establishment of postwar radio s Hit Parade "transformed the mass medium into an agency of sub-cultural programming." Radio networks were converted into round-the-clock recycling machines that repeated the top 40 "hits." Hirsch documents how all popular culture — movies, music, books, and fashion — is now ran on the same program of preselection. Today s mass culture operates like the opium trade the supply determines the demand. 

A mercury atom that was ionized by a weak electron beam was captured in a miniature Paul (radio frequency) trap that has internal dimensions of rQ s 466 pm and zQ s 330 pm. The rf trapping frequency was 21.07 MHz with a peak voltage amplitude of about 730 V. The ion was laser cooled by a few microwatts of cw laser radiation that was frequency tuned below the 6s Si -6p Pi electric dipole transition near 194 nm. When the Hg+ ion was cold and the 194 nm radiation had sufficient intensity to saturate the strongly allowed S-P transition, 2 x 10 photons/s were scattered. With our collection efficiency, this corresponded to an observed peak count rate of about 10 s-1 against a background of less than 50 s— -. 

Laborftir Radio- und Umweltchemie, Universitdt Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland kLaborf Ur Radio- und Umweltchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland... 

This led to the important discoveries of Albert Einstein and the quantum revolution at the heart of modern chemistry. Modern chemical pioneers Gilbert Newton Lewis, Linus Pauling, and Mulliken elucidated the fundamental concepts of the electron as the heart of chemical bonding [1, 28, 29]. The role of the electron in modern society is much too extensive to chronicle. Radio, television, nuclear weapons and power are but a few applications. Indeed, the ultimate importance of the electron is easily realized if we return to the idea that all matter contains electrons. 

Radio and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland... 

Hydrogen, as an indicator of the presence of water, plays a role in the search for extraterrestrial life. In an October 1992 story about NASA s then newly computerized search for intelligent life in space, Newsweek noted that the ongoing search by the planetary researcher Paul Horowitz was focused on hydrogen s frequency of 1420 megahertz. This simplest and most abundant atom in the universe, Newsweek explained, vibrates at a frequency of 1,420,405,751 cycles a second, a frequency that Horowitz says would make sense as a meeting place in the vast radio spectrum. 8... 

Other Mass Analyzers. Other analyzers, such as quadrupole ion trap (QIP) and Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS), are of some interest for proteomics. The quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer was devised by Wolfgang Paul it works on the principle of trapping ions with a particular RF in the quadrupole mass analyzer. This device provides a way to eject ions of certain radio frequency and retain the others, only the latter are allowed to reach the detector by scanning ions of a particular radio frequency. In this method, the selected ions can be subjected to fragmentation by collision-induced dissociation (CID), which is useful for the analysis of peptides. 

By Earnshaw s theorem, it is impossible to make a trap for ions static electric fields, but Penning in 1936 developed a stable ion trap that was a combination of a static uniform magnetic field and inhomogeneous electrostatic fields. In 1958 Paul and his associates made a successful electric quadrupole ion trap without a magnetic field by having the electric field oscillate sinusoidally at radio frequencies. 

Radiological emergency plans call for a prompt Alert and Notification system. If needed, this prompt Alert and Notification System will be activated quickly to inform the public of any potential threat from natural or man-made events. This system uses either sirens, tone alert radios, route alerting (the "Paul Revere" method), or a combination to notify the public to tune their radios or television to an Emergency Alert System (EAS) station. 

MRI has none of the disadvantages of X-rays. Diseased tissue appears very different from healthy tissue, resolving overlapping structures at different depths in the body is much easier, and the radio frequency radiation is not harmful to humans in the doses used The technique has had such a profound influence on the modern practice of medicine that Paul Lauterbur, a chemist, and Peter Mansfield, a physicist, were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or... 

Paul R. Milgrom. Auction Theory for Privatization, chapter Auctioning the Radio Spectrum. Cambridge University Press, 1995. 

Eberhardt K, Briichle W, Diillmann CHE, Gregorich KE, Hartmann W, Hiibner A, Jager E, Kindler B, Kratz JV, Liebe D, Lommel B, Maier HJ, Schadel M, Schausten B, Schimpf E, Semchenkov A, Steiner J, Szerypo J, Thorle P, Tiirler A, Yakushev A (2008) Nud Instr Meth Phys Res A 590 134 Eichler B (1994) Labor fur Radio- und Umweltchemie der Universitat Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts. Annual report 1993, p 38 Eichler B (1996) Radiochim Acta 72 19 Eichler B, Eichler R (2003) In Schadel M (ed) Chemistry of superheavy elements. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 205-236... 

Eichler B, Turler A, Jost DT, Gaggder HW (1994) Labor fur Radio- und Umweltchemie der Universitat Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts. Annual report... 

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