Paul, Wolfgang

The principles of operation of quadnipole mass spectrometers were first described in the late 1950s by Wolfgang Paul who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for this development. The equations governing the motion of an ion in a quadnipole field are quite complex and it is not the scope of the present article to provide the reader with a complete treatment. Rather, the basic principles of operation will be described, the reader being referred to several excellent sources for more complete infonnation [13, H and 15]. 

Schmickler, Wolfgang, 673 Schottky, Walter, 135 Schweizer, E.K., 680 Semenchenko, Vladimir K., 124 Senda, M., 614 Sevcik, Augustin, 202 Scherrer, Paul, 471 Shirakawa, Hideki, 457 Shlygin, Aleksandr I., 173 Siemens, Werner von, 694 Sinha, S.K., 477... 

In Chapter 1, Professor Wolfgang Paul initiates a theme that is prevalent throughout the first half of this book extrapolating from atomic-level phenomena to macroscopic chemical and physical properties. Professor Paul begins his chapter on the use of simulations to study the glass transition in polymer melts by describing exactly what a glass transition is from both an... 

Wolfgang Paul, Institut fur Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, 55099 Mainz, Germany (Electronic mail wolfgang.paul uni-mainz.de)... 

See Servos, Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling, 128133, 265274 and especially on molecular spectroscopy and quantum chemistry, see Assmus, "Molecular Structure." Assmus notes the interest of Niels Bohr, H. A. Kramers, and Wolfgang Pauli in Dennison s Ph D. dissertation, "Molecular Structure and the Infrared Spectrum of Methane" in Alexi J. Assmus, "The Creation of Postdoctoral Education and the Siting of American Scientific Research," MS. 

Johann W. Buchler, Wolfgang Kokisch, and Paul D. Smith... 

Marcel J. J. Blommers ([S) Andre Strauss Martin Geiser Paul Ramage Helmut Sparrer Wolfgang Jahnke... 

This review of the chemistry and physics of microparticles and their characterization is by no means comprehensive, for the very large range of masses that can be studied with the electrodynamic balance makes it possible to explore the spectroscopy of atomic ions. This field is a large one, and Nobel laureates Hans Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul have labored long in that fruitful scientific garden. The application of particle levitation to atmospheric aerosols, to studies of Knudsen aerosol phenomena, and to heat and mass transfer in the free-molecule regime would require as much space as this survey. 

WOLFGANG A. HERRMANN (1), Anorganisch-chemisches Institut der Technischen Universitat Miinchen, D-85747 Garching bei Munchen, Germany PAUL J. LOW (71), Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham DHl 3LE, England... 

Paracelsus, 14, 15, 18 Parmenides, 9 Pasteur, Louis, 296 Pauli, Wolfgang, 42 Pauling, Linus, 77 Perkins, William Henry, 295 Perrin, Jean Baptiste, 56 Plante, Gaston, 186... 

Wolfgang Paul 1989, Physics Development of quadruplole and quadrupole ion trap... 

In a quadrupole device, not as accurate and precise as double-focusing instruments but fast, a quadrupolar electrical field comprising radio-frequency (RF) and direct-current components is used to separate ions. Quadrupole instruments as mass analyzers are used together with ESI as the ion source the configuration employing a three-dimensional quadrupolar RF electric field (Wolfgang Paul, University of Bonn, 1989 Nobel prize for physics) is referred to as an ion trap analyzer (see below). 

As a chair at the University of Rome, Fermi did much of his most important work between 1927 and 1938. Along with the English physicist Paul Dirac but independently, he developed quantum-mechanical statistics that measure particles of half-integer spin (now known as fermions) between 1929 and 1932 he reformulated more simply and elegantly Dirac s then recent work on quantum electronics. In 1933-1934, he published a theory of /3-decay that included what became known as the Fermi interaction, Fermi interactions, and the Fermi coupling constant. Fie also theorized and named the neutrino ( little neutral one ), originally hypothesized by Wolfgang Pauli but not detected experimentally until 1956. 

Verworn, Max. Irritability. Yale University, New Haven. 1913. von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang. Wisdom and Experience. Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd, London. 1949. 

Werner Heisenberg and Wolfgang Pauli, 1925-26 Paul Dirac, 1925-26... 

The question is whether there is a measurement separate from the increasing concentration of methane that bears on this situation. I am not sure that the accuracy is sufficient to give information. Measurements have been made in Paul Crutzen s group in Mainz by Wolfgang Seiler. He has been measuring the concentration of carbon monoxide over an extended period of time, of the... 

We thank Wolfgang Kraetschmer and Michael Jura for their advice and encouragement in the earlier phase of these experiments. We also thank Tony Avent, Steven Firth, Tony Greenway, Jim Hanson, Gerry Lawless, Ahmit Sakar and David Walton of this Laboratory and Paul Scullion of V.G. Analytical Ltd., for valuable assistance. We should also like to... 

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