Radiator tanks

Wheel trims, grilles, trap doors for gasoline (petrol) tanks, engine covers, clutch pedals, intake manifolds, headlight parabolas, spoilers, radiator tank fittings, door handles, window winders, interconnection boxes, decorative parts, air and water filter elements, airbag canisters... 

Housings, structural applications, engine covers, ducting, radiator tanks, knobs, fasteners, wheel panels, plugs, suction elbows, covers... 

A limited amount of nylon recycling from appliances and antomotive parts is taking place as well. For example, DuPont is working on recycling radiator tanks and air intake manifolds into nylon materials for new tanks and manifolds ... 

Various polyamides, particularly polyamide 6,6 and polyamide 11, have been used in the manufacture of radiator tanks [13-15], rocker covers [16-22], Audi pedal boxes [23], connecting rods, fan blades, and other components [24], Glass fiber reinforcement is used in these applications [17-24],... 

The requirements for radiator tanks are good heat stability, vibration resistance, and resistance to coolant additives [18],... 

Exhaustive testing in hot antifreeze under pressure established glass fibre reinforced nylon 66 as the best material for the end tanks. Twenty years and many millions of tanks later, it has not been necessary to modify this conclusion, beyond minor formulation changes to improve hydrolysis resistance (see Fig. 6.3). Some French and Italian models used radiator tanks in mPPO at first, because of the dimensional advantages conferred by a low-shrinkage amorphous material, but in the long term the fatigue resistance proved to be inferior to reinforced nylon. 

A critical situation arises in summer when the tank is heated by strong radiation, then cooled by sudden rainfall. Heavy rainfall results in a rapid drop in ambient temperature and the formation of a rainwater nlm that flows on the top of the tank and down the tank wall. The wall and, with a certain lag, the gas in the tank are cooled, and air must flow into the tank to prevent a significant pressure difference from arising between the inside and outside of the tank. If vapors in the tank are condensed, more air must flow into the tank. 

The initial gas temperature in a tank can reach a value of 55°C (131°F) as a result of strong solar radiation. Ambient rainfall is assumed to be 15°C (59°F). The maximum flow rate of air into the... 

Figure 6.7. Variation of incident radiation with time at 50 m from a BLEVE of a butane tank (Johnson et al. 1990).

A liquefied propane tank truck whose volume is 6000 U.S. gallons (22.7 m ) is involved in a traffic accident, and the tank truck is engulfed by fire from burning gasoline. The tank is 90% filled with propane. Assume that all of the propane will contribute to the fireball. Radiation effects are calculated below blast and fragmentation effects for this problem will be calculated in Sections 9.2 and 9.3, respectively. 

TABLE 9.1. Radiation on a (Vertical) Receptor from a 6000-gallon Propane Tank Truck BLEVE Calculated with Solid Flame and Point Source Radiation Models... 

Estimate the radiation received at a receptor. With an attenuation factor of 1, the radiation received by a vertical receptor at a distance X from the tank can be calculated from ... 

Sample problem 9.1.S demonstrated the calculation of thermal radiation from the BLEVE of a tank truck. This 6000-gallon (22.7 m ) tank was 90% filled with propane, and burst due to fire engulfment at an overpressure of 1.8 MPa (18 bar). The resulting thermal radiation was sufficient to cause third degree bums to a distance of 300 to 360 m. 

Sample problem 9.1.6. demonstrated the calculation of the thermal radiation from a BLEVE of a tank trailer. This 6000-U.S.-gallon (22.7 m ) trailer was 90% filled... 

The flame behavior of a fire is important in determining tlie causes and effects of fires. There are several classificiitions of flames orifice flames, pool flames, fireballs. Jet fimnes, and flash fires. Orifice or pipe flames are characterized as eitlier prenii. ed flame or diffusion flmiies. Pool flames are flames on ground pools and flames on tanks. Fireballs radiate intense heat, wliich can cause fatal bums and can quickly ignite otlier materials. Jet flame or flares also radiate intense heat. 

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