Pipe flames

The flame behavior of a fire is important in determining tlie causes and effects of fires. There are several classificiitions of flames orifice flames, pool flames, fireballs. Jet fimnes, and flash fires. Orifice or pipe flames are characterized as eitlier prenii. ed flame or diffusion flmiies. Pool flames are flames on ground pools and flames on tanks. Fireballs radiate intense heat, wliich can cause fatal bums and can quickly ignite otlier materials. Jet flame or flares also radiate intense heat. 

To avoid any propagation of explosions starting in the interior of the analyser s enclosure through the gas piping, flame arrestors shall be fitted at the gas inlet and outlet. These flame arrestors may be, e.g., concentric tubes... 

Ferric oxide, pseudomorphous with magnetite, may be obtained by heating magnetite crystals m the blow-pipe flame for several hours oxidation takes place, the crystals retaining their original form almost unaltered, but losing their magnetic properties.9... 

If a little of the iron compound is heated with borax on platinum wire in the outer blow-pipe flame, on cooling, a yellow transparent bead is obtained, which becomes bottle-green upon heating in the inner or reducing flame of the blow-pipe, in consequence of reduction to the ferrous condition.2... 

BetiiUng ie done by heating the tube at the desired point in an ordinaty uas flame (not a blow-pipe flame), without routing it, until softened removing from the flame and bending icioard that surface which was nearest the oriflce of the gas jet. 

Contours of static temperature of burner pipe flame. (Courtesy of Fives-Pillard.)... 

Owing to its resistance to acids lead is in demand for chemical plants. As an example the lead chambers used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid may be quoted. They are constructed of sheet lead, about 3 mm. in thickness, the sheets being autogenously soldered — that is, lead is used as solder to prevent electrolytic action in contact with acid — or sealed by a blow-pipe flame. Chambers frequently exceed 40,000 c. ft. in individual capacity, and a series of thrqe or four is commonly used, the gases being conducted from one to the other by lead pipes. 

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