Synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis Electron microprobe analysis Particle induced X-ray emission Synchrotron radiation induced X-ray emission... 

Rizzo R, Grandolfo M, Godeas C, Jones KW and ViTTUR F (1995) Calcium, sulfur, and zinc distribution in normal and arthritic articular equine cartilage a synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission (SRIXE) study. J Exp Zool 273 82-86. 

SXRF synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (see SRXRF)... 

SXRIE synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (see SRXRF) synapse junction (site of excitation transfer) betv een tivo nerves or between a nerve and a muscle... 

Jenkins R (1999) X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY Jones KW, Berry WJ, Borsay DJ, Cline HT, Conner WC, Fullmer CS (1997) Applications of synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission (SRIXE). X-ray Spectrometry 26 (6) 350-358 Kagoshima Y, Takai K, Ibuki T, Yokoyama Y, Hashida T, Yokoyama K, Takeda S, Urakawa M, Miyamoto N, Tsusake Y, Matsui J, Aino M (2001) Scanning hard X-ray microscope with tantalum phase zone plate at the Hyogo-Bl (BL24XU) of SPring-8. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 467-468 872-876... 

X-radiation can also be induced by high energy (several Me proton beams from ion accelerators. Such particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) (284) is useful for thin samples and particulates, having detection Hmits of g. Intense synchrotron x-ray sources have found appHcations in... 

With PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission analysis) or SYXEA (synchrotron radiation X-ray emission analysis) it is possible to study copper in the amniotic fluid (Napolitano et al. 1994) and copper mobilization in the root tips (Knbchel... 

Besides total concentration of multielements, their spatial distribution in samples is also very important in understanding their bioavailability, trophic transfer, and environmental risk. A number of complementary analytical techniques exist for the mapping of elemental distributions in biological tissues including SRXRF (synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence) with microbeam (SR-pXRF), microscopic EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence), microscopic WDX (wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence), microscopic PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission), laser ablation ICP-MS, microscopic SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry). 

One kind of X-ray lasers is a subcase of the so-called free electron laser. Electrons, accelerated are forced, to almost the speed of light ("relativistic electrons") by klystrons and then bent or wiggled in special magnets called undulators are forced to emit some of their energy as synchrotron radiation inside the undulator, the synchrotron pulses can induce in-phase synchrotron emission by other electrons, thus producing a pulse at X-ray wavelengths. This was recently demonstrated as almost possible (2009). 

The excitation of atoms with suitable radiation causes elimination of electrons from the inner shell (K, L, M). The electrons from the outer shells drop to the free positions and the process is accompanied by emission of electromagnetic radiation with energy up to 120 KeV (X-rays), characteristic for the respective atom (element). The excitation can be induced by X-ray, gamma ray, or accelerated particles (protones, electrons etc.). The emitted radiation can be used for analysis either after wavelength or energy dispersion. These possibilities determine the existence of several versions of X-ray fluorescence methods (XRF) wavelength, energy dispersive, proton induced, total reflection and synchrotron XRF. 

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