Radiation-based industrial applications

With the availability of inexpensive, convenient, and easily applied pest control methods based on application of pesticides, irradiation disinfestation has not yet received priority. Nevertheless, radiation disinfestation was performed on an industrial scale in the... 

In this symposium emphasis is placed on the first class of methods. Isolated examples of the third class are discussed. Consideration of the second class is omitted entirely. Indeed, the scope of the symposium is perhaps best described as encompassing the more widespread techniques of surface compositional analysis as applied to materials science and electrochemistry oriented problems. Many modern surface analysis methods, e.g., those embodying tip sample geometries (21 22, 3, 34), those based on synchrotron radiation (23, 25), and those dealing with surface structure (15-20) and dynamics ( 3, 21-23), as opposed to surface composition, are not represented in the symposium program even though many of them enjoy "industrial applications" in the areas of electronics, metallurgy and catalytic chemistry. 

Photochromism is a reversible transformation of a single chemical species between two states, the absorption spectra of which are clearly different, the transition in at least one direction being induced by electromagnetic radiation [1], The widest and most important group of the photochromic system is based on electrocyclic reactions [2,3] a few have been commercially successful (polymer-based photochromic eyewear, novelty items and security printing inks). Several other photochromic systems based on E,Z-isomerization, cycloaddition reaction, electron or proton transfer have potential industrial applications [4],... 

Irradiation techniques are more and more widely utilized for industrial applications for instance, for food preservation, medical sterilization, and polymer processing. Such techniques require specific rules of control by means of accurate dosimetry [89]. In this context, new promising dosimeters based on resistance measurements of organic conducting crystals have been reviewed by Zuppiroli et al. [89]. The crystals utilized as dosimeters are either small needles (0.01 x 0.01 x 3 mm3) or larger plates (0.1 x 0.5 x 3 mm3), and their electrical resistances ( 1 kfl in the first case, 1 H in the second) increase exponentially with the adsorbed radiation dose, up to quite high doses. 

The major industrial applications of this technology in the field of polymers are based on (i) polymerization, (ii) crosslinking, (iii) scission, and (iv) sterilization of medical disposables. Radiation processing of polymer blends can lead to crosslinking or scission of one or more components, or even to inter-phase (inter-polymer) crosslinking. These effects modify the blends properties. 

The main reason for the limited industrial application of radiation-induced cationic polymerization is that oligomers that offer high cure rates are not commercially available. So far, due to their excellent combination of chemical, physical and electrical properties, only multifunctional epoxy oligomers have been used, but these have poor cure speeds compared to acrylate based systems. This is a serious limitation. Interesting alternatives to the epoxys are oligomers based on highly reactive vinyl ethers (21. 22) and the recently developed distsrrene ethers (23). which are as reactive as vinyl... 

Ion-track technology based on the irradiation of thin films of various materials with accelerated heavy ions is one example of industrial application of ionizing radiation (Waheed et al. 2009). Modern heavy ion accelerators employed for irradiation of materials on the industrial scale provide beams in the 10-100 MeV/u energy range, which expands the treatment depth of considered films up to millimeters (Apel 2003). 

Numerous other research reactors with a neutron flux higher than the TRIGA reactor but not as high as the ILL reactor are used on a routine basis for the production of radionuclides such as Mo/ Tc, and other radionuclides for medical diagnosis and treatment. Intense y-ray sources based on Co used for external medical radiation treatment and industrial applications are produced in these reactors. 

General Analytical and Industrial Applications Lasers are used both for analytical and industrial purposes. Table 3.3 summarises the main analytical fields of application. The most obvious reason to involve lasers in analytical chemistry is the directionality of the radiation (beam divergence <0.5 mrad), which implies high irradiances at remote objects (up to 10 W cm ) and compatibility with miniaturised systems. Characteristics as monochromaticity and coherence are still of less importance. The monochromaticity of the laser lines is of major importance in techniques such as RS and those based on multiphoton processes. Some important analytical applications of lasers are ... 

It is particularly important in this case, the fact that fused silica (or quartz) presents excellent transmittance properties in the NIR region (with much poorer transmittance properties in the MIR, VIS, and UV regions) and is insensitive against water. As a matter of fact, this explains why NIR-based technologies developed much faster in real industrial applications, when compared to MIR, VIS, and UV spectroscopic methods. Efficient transmission of fundamental IR, VIS, and UV radiations through long distances with the help of... 

This book is written by experts from disciplines as diverse as analytical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, environmental science, molecular biology, and medicinal chemistry in order to identify potential hot spots of metallomics and metalloproteomics. The scientific fundamentals of new approaches, like isotopic techniques combined with ICP-MS/ESI-MS/MS, the synchrotron radiation-based techniques. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and neutron scattering, as well as their various applications, with a focus on mercury, selenium, chromium, arsenic, iron and metal-based medicines are critically reviewed, which can help to understand their impacts on human health. The book will be of particular interest to researchers in the fields of environmental and industrial chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, toxicology, and medicine. Basically, the book has two aims. The first deals with the educational point of view. Chapters 2 to 7 provide the basic concept of each of the selected nuclear analytical techniques and should be understandable by Master and PhD students in chemistry, physics, biology and nanotechnology. The... 

The methods dependent upon measurement of an electrical property, and those based upon determination of the extent to which radiation is absorbed or upon assessment of the intensity of emitted radiation, all require the use of a suitable instrument, e.g. polarograph, spectrophotometer, etc., and in consequence such methods are referred to as instrumental methods . Instrumental methods are usually much faster than purely chemical procedures, they are normally applicable at concentrations far too small to be amenable to determination by classical methods, and they find wide application in industry. In most cases a microcomputer can be interfaced to the instrument so that absorption curves, polarograms, titration curves, etc., can be plotted automatically, and in fact, by the incorporation of appropriate servo-mechanisms, the whole analytical process may, in suitable cases, be completely automated. 

---