Radiation balance

Evaluation of the AS" s that charac terize an enclosure involves solution of a system of radiation balances on the surfaces. If the assumption is made that all the zones of the enclosure a re gray and emit and reflec t diffusely, then the direct-exchange area ij, as evaluated for the black-siirface pair A and Aj, applies to emission and reflections between them. If at a surface the total leaving-flnx density, emitted phis reflected, is denoted by W (and called by some the radiosity and by others the exitance), radiation balances take the form ... 

Integral Formulation The zone method has the purpose of dodging the solution of an integral equation. If in Eq. (5-126) the zone on which the radiation balance is foriTUilated is decreased to a differential element, that equation becomes... 

Water returns to the atmosphere via evaporation from the oceans and evapotranspiration from the land surface. Like precipitation, evaporation is largest over the oceans (88% of total) and is distributed non-uniformly around the globe. Evaporation requires a large input of energy to overcome the latent heat of vaporization, so global patterns are similar to radiation balance and temperature distributions, though anomalous local maxima and minima occur due to the effects of wind and water availability. 

Atmospheric aerosols have a direct impact on earth s radiation balance, fog formation and cloud physics, and visibility degradation as well as human health effect[l]. Both natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the formation of ambient aerosol, which are composed mostly of sulfates, nitrates and ammoniums in either pure or mixed forms[2]. These inorganic salt aerosols are hygroscopic by nature and exhibit the properties of deliquescence and efflorescence in humid air. That is, relative humidity(RH) history and chemical composition determine whether atmospheric aerosols are liquid or solid. Aerosol physical state affects climate and environmental phenomena such as radiative transfer, visibility, and heterogeneous chemistry. Here we present a mathematical model that considers the relative humidity history and chemical composition dependence of deliquescence and efflorescence for describing the dynamic and transport behavior of ambient aerosols[3]. 

The radiation balance problem is not specific to our solar system and can be applied to all stellar planetary systems, although the number of planets outside our solar system - so-called extrasolar planets - is unknown. As noted earlier, the highest... 

There has been a great deal of research activity on the effects of subsonic aircraft in the upper troposphere, with respect to impacts both on the chemistry and on the radiation balance through effects on clouds and 03 (e.g., see April 15, May 1, and May 15, 1998, issues of Geophysical Research Letters and the July 27, 1998, issue of Atmospheric Environment). Aircraft emit a variety of pollutants, including NOx, S02, and particles whose concentrations have provided exhaust signatures in some studies (e.g., Schlager et al., 1997 Hofmann et al., 1998). 

The climate effects of atmospheric aerosol particles are a matter of continuous interest in the research community. The aerosol-climate effects are divided into two groups The direct effect represents the ability of the particle population to absorb and scatter short-wave radiation - directly affecting the radiation balance. These direct effects depend primarily on the aerosol optical properties and particle number size distribution, as the particle size significantly affects the scattering efficiency of... 

Jansen MAK, Gaba V, Greenberg BM (1998) Higher plants and UV-B radiation balancing damage, repair and acclimation. Trends Plant Sci 3 131-135... 

From these and other data it follows that accuracy in the estimate of radiation balance as a function of space coordinates depends on cloud distribution, their state, and atmospheric pollution, as well as on the chosen size of pixels for spatial averaging. In this connection, Henderson and Chylek (2005) used image data from the Multispectral Thermal Imager to evaluate the effect of spatial resolution on aerosol optical depth retrieval from satellite imagery. It was shown that aerosol optical depth (AOD) depends weakly on pixel size in the range 40 x 80 m2 to 2,040 x 4,080 m2 in the absence of clouds and changes monotonically with the growing size of pixels in clouds. 

Analysis of these data showed that the heat balance cannot be closed an additional input of 20Wm-2 to the atmosphere is needed. Attempts to use different versions of input data bases were unable to remove this imbalance. Since water vapor balance could be closed using the same data, it seems that this imbalance is caused by inadequate estimates of the atmospheric radiation balance as a result of underestimation of calculated values of solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere. 

This means that the continued (rather primitive in most cases) description of the GCC and the practical absence of parameterization for other GHGs cannot lead to reliable estimates of possible future climate change due to anthropogenic activity in the NSS. The means of identifying situations and the capacities of C02 sources and sinks on land and in the World Ocean declared by the first GCP report was not supported by serious and substantiated motivation of the development of new information technologies for complex analysis of the Earth s radiation balance. 

The spectral interval of SCIAMACHY ranges from the UV to near-IR (240 nm 2,380 nm). This spectrometer provides information about the composition, dynamics, and radiation balance of the atmosphere, making it possible to measure MGCs in the... 

The contradiction between observed and modeled data on the radiation balance/ albedo relationship has been confirmed by numerous publications on this subject (Heinrich and Hinzpeter, 1975). Some data reveal a decrease in outgoing longwave radiation by about 2.0 W m 2 over the period March 2000 February 2004, which is... 

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