Longwave radiation

Fig. 17-4. Radiation heat balance. The 100 units of incoming shortwave radiahon are distributed reflected from earth s surface to space, 5 reflected from cloud surfaces to space, 20 direct reaching earth, 24 absorbed in clouds, 4 diffuse reaching earth through clouds, 17 absorbed in atmosphere, 15 scattered to space, 9 scattered to earth, 6. The longwave radiation comes from (1) the earth radiating 119 units 101 to the atmosphere and 18 directly to space, and (2) the atmosphere radiating 105 units back to earth and 48 to space. Additional transfers from the earth s surface to the atmosphere consist of latent heat, 23 and sensible heat, 10. Source After Lowry (4).

Using Wien s displacement law, determine the mean effective temperature of the earth-atmosphere system if the resulting longwave radiation peaks at 11 /rm. Contrast the magnitude of the radiant flux at 11 pm with that at 50 pm. 

Pollutant effects on the atmosphere include increased parhculate matter, which decreases visibility and inhibits incoming solar radiahon, and increased gaseous pollutant concentrations, which absorb longwave radiation and increase surface temperatures. For a detailed discussion of visibility effects, see Chapter 10. 

Fig. 17-1 The global climate system, (a) Energy fluxes, including incoming solar radiation, reflected radiation, emitted longwave radiation (from an effective altitude of ca. 6 km), and atmospheric and oceanic heat flux toward the polar regions, (b) The atmospheric circulation corresponding to part (a). Refer back to Fig. 7-4 and associated text for a discussion of the general circulation.

Longwave Radiation infrared radiation emitted by Earth... 

Walden, V. P., S. G. Warren, and F. J. Murcray, Measurements of the Downward Longwave Radiation Spectrum over the Antarctic Plateau and Comparisons with a Line-by-Line Radiative Transfer Model for Clear Skies, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3825-3846 (1998). 

Waliser, D. E., N. E. Graham, and C. J. Gautier, Comparison of the Highly Reflective Cloud and Outgoing Longwave Radiation Datasets for Use in Estimating Tropical Deep Convection, J. Clim., 6, 331-353 (1993). 

The contradiction between observed and modeled data on the radiation balance/ albedo relationship has been confirmed by numerous publications on this subject (Heinrich and Hinzpeter, 1975). Some data reveal a decrease in outgoing longwave radiation by about 2.0 W m 2 over the period March 2000 February 2004, which is... 

Figure 7-3. Rate of emission of infrared (longwave) radiation per unit area by a blackbody (eiR =1.00) versus its surface temperature, as predicted by the Stefan-Boltzmaim law (Eq. 6.18).

Soil acts as an extremely important component in the energy balances of plants. For instance, shortwave irradiation can be reflected from the surface of the soil, it is the source of longwave radiation that can correspond to a temperature considerably different from that of the ambient air, and heat can be conducted to or from stems in the region of their contact with the soil. Also, considerable amounts of energy can be stored by the soil, in contrast to the case for most leaves. Although the soil surface can have large daily oscillations in temperature (e.g., Fig. 7-13), the soil temperature at moderate depths of 1 m can be extremely steady on a daily basis (variations less than 0.1°C) and fairly steady seasonally. 

E. What is the absorbed minus emitted longwave radiation at the stem surface in the presence and the absence of spines ... 

Kousky, V. E. 1988."Pentad outgoing longwave radiation climatology for the South American sector." Revista Brasileira Meteorologia. 3 217-231. 

GHG Greenhouse gas any trace gas that does not absorb incoming solar radiation but does absorb longwave radiation emitted or reflected from the Earth s surface. The... 

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