Urine rabbit

Urinary thiosulfate levels as an exposure biomarker have been examined in rabbits (Kage et al. 1992). Urinary thiosulfate levels were detected in rabbit urine 24 hours after exposure to nonfatal concentrations of 100-200 ppm of hydrogen sulfide. Thiosulfate levels could be detected in the blood for up to 2 hours following exposure, whereas blood sulfide was not detectable. Measurements of thiosulfate levels in the blood, lung, or brain were found following fatal exposures to 500-1,000 ppm of hydrogen sulfide in experimental animals. 

Prolonged residence in the intestine or urinary bladder lumen could allow time for significant reaction with tissue components however, N-glucuronyloxy-AAF was only weakly carcinogenic at local subcutaneous sites of application (89). Enzymatic deacetylation to N-glucuronyloxy-AF has been detected in hepatic tissue but this activity in different species does not correlate with their relative susceptibility to AAF hepatocarcinogenesis (94). On the other hand, the alkaline pH-induced conversion to a reactive derivative may play an important role in urinary bladder carcinogenesis (87) by AAF and other arylamides in those species or individuals where normal urine pH is alkaline (e.g. normal rabbit urine pH is 8.5-9.0). 

Based on the amount of label found in rabbit urine and exhaled air, 19-29% of a 500 mg/kg dose was absorbed (Jondorf et al. 1957). Since some hexachloroethane would be excreted in bile and found in fecal matter, the actual amount absorbed was larger than 30%, perhaps 40-50%. 

It is possible that the 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl moiety is widely distributed in nature, it ha been observed in trees (55) and rabbit urine (86). 

Figure 10. Radiochromatogram and radioimmunochromatogram of THC metabolites in hydrolyzed rabbit urine. Urine was collected following an iv dose of 100 fig, 4C-THC. Fractions collected from HPLC separation of hydrolyzed urine were screened for, 4C radioactivity (plain lines) and THC-CRC (hatched peaks). The elution volume for pure CBN is indicated.

Methods to detect picric acid and picramic acid in rabbit urine using colorimetric assays have been reported (Zambrano and Mandovano 1956). The detection limits were in the sub- to low ppm range, but no information on recovery or precision was given. 

The first example of chain extension of a xenobiotic Involved furfural which was reported in 1887 to add a 2-carbon unit thus producing 3-(2-furyl)acryllc acid which was Isolated In rabbit urine as Its glycine conjugate ( ), Subsequent workers were not able to confirm this observation (see for leading references). 

Coal Tar Products. Calcium creosotate was orally administered to humans at daily doses of 7-30 mg/kg for 3 days (Fellows 1939b). Calcium creosotate phenols were excreted in the urine. In addition, large unspecified doses of calcium creosotate were orally administered to rabbits. Analysis of the rabbit urine revealed that free and conjugated phenols were excreted (Fellows 1939b). 

Fellows EJ. 1937. Studies on calcium creosotate III. The elimination of volatile phenols in rabbit urine after the administration of "calcium creosotate solution" and after creosote solution. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 60 183-188. 

Bray et al. (B33) have thus detected conjugated 2,3-dihydroxyben-zoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic (gentisic) acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyben-zoic (protocatechuic) acid in normal rabbit urine. 

Cardiovascular agents - The metabolites of metoclopramide, a compound re-lated to procaTnanide, were isolated from rabbit urine identified as mono-N-de-ethylated metoclopramide, 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid, an unidentified metabolite that is an oxidation product of the aromatic amino group, and the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of metoclopramide. Acetylation of the aromatic amino group apparently does not occur in the rabbit. 

Asakawa, Y., M. Toyota, T. Ishida, T. Takemoto, 1983. Metabolites in rabbit urine after terpenoid administration. Proceedings of the 27th TEAC, pp. 254-256. 

From the metabolites of elemol (49 possessing the same partial structures of monoterpene hydrocarbon, myrcene, and nootkatone, one primary alcohol (496) was obtained from rabbit urine after the administration of 495 (Asakawa et al., 1986) (Figure 20.148). 

Mass Fragmentographic Determination of Prostaglandin F2qi in Human and Rabbit Urine... 

The hydroxylation of trans-stilbene, trans-a,g-diphenylethylene, was studied in rabbits and guinea pigs after i.m. administration. The metabolites found in the urine of both species were 4-hydroxy-, 4,4 -dihydroxy-, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-, md 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-stilbene and their unspecified conjugates. When rabbits were given 4-hydroxystilbene, the 4,4 -dihydroxy compound was found in the urine. The reduction product, 4,4 -dihydroxybibenzyl, was also found in rabbit urine. 

The biotransformation of the nonsteroidal, postcoital oral contraceptive, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-phenyl-A -cyclohexene carboxylic acid (Vll), was examined in monkeys and rabbits. In both species, only a trace of unaltered drug was found in the urine. At least eight metabolites were separated from rabbit urine, one of which, as yet unidentified, had 1.5 to 2.0 times the estrogenic potency of the parent compound. The antifertility effect, in the rat of certain -substituted, but not of unsubstituted compounds, was not blocked by prior treatment of the animals with SKF-525A. Thus, the authors suggest that when hydrogen alone is in the para V j position, further alteration of the... 

One of the most useful techniques for the investigation of phenolic constituents of biological material is paper chromatography (see Section 11,3) which may be used for identification or estimation. A preliminary investigation (21,26) of normal rabbit urine showed the presence of m- and p-hydroxybenzoic acids, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, catechol, 2,3-, 3,4-, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids, vanillic acid, and p-cumaric acid as well as several unidentified substances reacting like phenolic compounds, p-Cresol and p-ethylphenol are phenols which cannot be easily detected by paper chromatography. 

Boyland and Levi (37, 38) investigated the metabolism of anthracene very thoroughly and isolated two different crystalline glucuronosides, one from rabbit urine and the other from rat urine. That from rabbits was shown to be a l,2-dihydroxy-l,2-dihydroanthracene-l-glucuronoside, m.p. 197°, [ ]d +197° (in dioxane), while that from rat urine appeared to be the levorotatory isomer, [aji, —114° (in dioxane), m.p. 199-200°. 

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