R and S phrases

According to EEC Council Directive for the labelling of preparations [3.161] in conjunction with the 21st adaption to EEC Council Directive 67/548, Nota 1, [3.160] such materials containing more than 0.5 % lead, are labelled in the same way as the pure lead pigment, with a skull and crossbone (T) and the corresponding R and S phrases. 

The danger symbols must signal the most important hazard and therefore have the effect of a first important announcement. On the other hand the R- and S-phrases are more addressed to informed people. Every package of dangerous substances or preparations should have a clear and indehble label with the following elements, laid down in the above-mentioned Directives ... 

The information about the products (substance or preparation) classification (R- and S-phrases and symbols of danger) presented on the label should be stated in Section 2. 

Are the symbols of danger and R- and S-phrases of the substances stated in Section 3 and triggering classification of the product in accordance with the classification found on the product label ... 

Hazard categories are identified by a pictorial symbol (e.g. skull and crossbones, St Andrew s cross, etc.), a symbol letter (e.g. T +, Xi, etc.) and an indication of danger (e.g. Very TOXIC, HARMFUL, etc.). These must appear on the label of any container or solvent so qualifying. RISK ( R ) Phrases are intended to warn users of the potential dangers of the use of a solvent. SAFETY ( S ) Phrases are intended to provide brief summary advice to users on precautions which should be taken in handling the solvent. R and S Phrases are identified by number. They must appear in full on the label and in the Safety Data Sheet. 

An example of classification and labelling under this system is cyclohexane, for which the appropriate symbols and R and S Phrases are shown below ... 

Although the first versions of these metrics were developed from SDS that used risk phrases (R-phrases) and safety phrases (S-phrases), the metrics have been revised to adapt them to GHS, which required a new definition of the criteria to score the hazards and assess the accomplishment of the GC principles. As in GHS the systemization of the hazards in classes and categories, to which hazard statements are assigned (hazard codes or H codes), is more detailed than in the system of the R- and S-phrases, the change provided a finer evaluation of hazards and made easier the construction of the metrics. The revision included also an improvement of the graphic look of the green star to increase the facility of reading the individual scores of the principles. These new versions of the metrics are those discussed in this text. 

Classification and Labeling. According to Directive EEC 67/548, Annex I, chlorine (Index no. 017-001-00-7) is classified as toxic and dangerous to the environment. The R and S phrases are ... 

Labelling. In the EC lead chromate and lead chromate pigments must be appropriately labelled. Such substances must be marked with a skull and crossbone (T) [3.158], [3.159]. Additionally, the following risk (R) and safety phrases (S) must be used ... 

The European Community classifies lead-containing anticorrosive pigments like Red Lead as well as zinc chromate, zinc potassium chromate, zinc tetraoxichromate, strontium chromate and, since 2000, also zinc phosphate as N, Dangerous for the environment (dead fish / tree) with the risk (R) and safety phrases (S) [5.112] ... 

In the case of exclusively irritant, highly flammable, flammable, oxidizing, and harmful substances retailed to the general public in packages which do not contain more than 125 mb, an indication of the R-phrases and S-phrases is not required. 

Substances and preparations are generally classified according to the product s toxicity, expressed as LD q or LCjq. S)rmbols are used to indicate danger, accompanied by R phrases describing the danger and S phrases advising precautions. 

The MSDS (Section 15) will also include risk phrases (R) and Safty phrases (S) and many of these will also be included on the product packaging. 

All chemical substances have to be evaluated to decide if they are classified as dangerous according to the requirements of the DSD. These dangerous properties are communicated to the user by standardised labelling, which consists of a dangerous symbol, information on hazardous properties (risk, R phrases) and advice on safety (S phrases). 

R-phrases R61-20/22-33-50/53-62, S-phrases S53-45-60-61 Zinc chromate, zinc potassium chromate, zinc tetraoxichromate T, Toxic (skull and cross bone)... 

The higher the production volume, the higher the risk assessment requirements In the form of pictograms, symbols and R(isk) and S(a ty) phrases. 

As a general mle, a maximum of six R-phrases and six S-phrases should be sufficient to describe the main risks and safety measures. 

The choice of the danger symbols follows the same rules as those described for dangerous substances in the previous paragraph, and also for the selection of the R-phrases, S-phrases, and name of the company. 

Making reference to other instructive documents is allowed. Whereas the risk phrases (R-phrases) usually display the almost complete set of possible risks, the safety phrases (S-phrases) represent only fragmentary information about necessary safety actions. Additional information can be taken from Chapters 7 (handling and storage) and 8 (exposure control and personal protection equipment) of the material safety data sheets. 

List of EEC Risk (R) and Safety (S) phrases for Classification and Labeling... 

Donovan, R. E., Franz, M., Sorensen, J. S., and Roukos, S. Phrase splicing and variable substitution using the IBM trainable speeech s mthesis system. In Proceedings of... 

Koehn, R, Abney, S., Hirschberg, J., and Collins, M. Improving intonational phrasing with syntactic information. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing 2000 (2000). 

S PRO AT, R. English noun-phrase accent prediction for text-to-speech. Computer Speech and Language (1994). 

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